Optics 101

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Optics 101

• On a basic level, all riflescopes work the same.
  Light rays enter the objective lens, which
  magnifies them. This upside-down image travels to
  the erector lens system, which flips the image
  right-side up and further magnifies it. The
  ocular lens magnifies the image a final time,
  then projects it to your eye. However, all scopes
  certainly dont perform the same, optically or
  mechanically.

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Arm Yourself With KnowledgeKnow your scope.
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FRONT FOCAL REAR FOCAL

• WHATS THE DIFFERENCE?

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For a Balanced Understanding of ScopeDesign,
Consider the Optical Triangle

• The three elements of the Optical Triangle
• 1.Magnification
• 2.Field of View
• 3.Eye Relief

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Critical Optical Properties

• In a riflescope, getting the maximum amount of
  pure light to your eye is critical. At Leupold,
  we call this light management. The following are
  critical optical properties to look for in a
  riflescope, to determine how well it manages
  light.

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Contrast is the best indicator of proper light
management. Resolution and light transmission
(often mistakenly called light gathering) enhance
contrast while glare degrades it. Ex. black
white target together will show both colors
distinctly versus gray.
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Resolution means a crisp, finely detailed image.
Without good resolution the remaining optical
elements are useless. Ex. Ability to see fine
print on targets down range.
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Glare is stray light reflecting off internal
parts of a scope that enters the light path.
Excessive glare diminishes all other optical
properties.
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Without Glare
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C O N T R O L L I N G G L A R E

• Glare disturbs the
• focused light beam passing
• through the scope from the image to the eye.

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C O N T R O L L I N G G L A R E

• Glare can be reduced in a scope by
• Eliminating all reflective surfaces inside the
  scope
• Using light baffles within the scope
• Applying anti-reflective coatings to the lenses
  of the scope

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• Light Transmission is the measure of how much
  pure light makes it through the lenses before
  reaching your eye. Its affected by the
  efficiency of the glass, the quality of
  anti-reflective coatings, and the control of
  glare.

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L I G H T T R A N S M I S S I O N

• Three things determine light transmission
• The glass used in the lenses
• The use of an anti-reflective lens coating
• Effective use of the lenses in the scope

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Anti-Reflective Lens Coatings Improve Light
Transmission

• Index Matched Lens Coatings. That's Leupold's New
  special lens coating that reduces the reflection
  of light off the front objective lens of the
  scope. Each lens coating is matched to each lens
  composition. Some scopes have as many as 7
  different glass types. The net effect is to
  increase your low light visibility by about 10,
  when compared to a single or multi coated scope.
  Index Matched is available on selected Leupold
  models.

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P A R A L L A X
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U N D E R S T A N D I N G P A R A L L A X

• Parallax occurs in a scope when the reticle and
  the image are not focused on the same point.
• Parallax causes the image to be unclear or to
  move in relation to the reticle.
• A scope with parallax can produce inconsistent
  points of impact.

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IN FOCUS(No Parallax)

• Object image falls precisely on reticle (focal)
  plane

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OUT OF FOCUS(Parallax)

• Object image not on reticle (focal) plane

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U N D E R S T A N D I N G P A R A L L A X
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U N D E R S T A N D I N G P A R A L L A X
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Exit Pupil

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• The exit pupil is the diameter of light
  transmitted to your eye. You can see the exit
  pupil by holding up the scope at arm's length.
  It's the circle of light you see in the ocular
  lens. If you don't understand how
• it affects low light visibility, you can't make
  an informed purchase.
•  
•  

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Exit Pupil

• First, the mathematics Figure a scope's exit
  pupil by dividing the objective lens diameter by
  the magnification. For example, 50mm divided by
  10x equals a 5mm exit pupil.
•   In typical low light situations, the human
  eye can only handle about 5mm of light. So
  Leupold engineered the Large Objective scopes to
  deliver an exit pupil of no less than 5mm at the
  highest magnification. (Remember, Leupold uses
  the entire objective lens.) This means you get
  the maximum amount of available light for tough,
  low light shots.

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U N D E R S T A N D I N G M I N U T E OF A N G
L E

• Important terms to know
• Angular Measurement how to measure an angle.
• Degree the largest unit of angular measurement.
  There are 360 degrees in a circle.
• Minute (of Angle) a smaller unit of angular
  measurement. There are 60 minutes in a degree.

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U N D E R S T A N D I N G M I N U T E OF A N G
L E
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Care and Storage
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Lenses

• Leupold scope lenses are coated to reduce light
  reflection and light absorption. They should be
  cleaned as carefully as you would clean a camera
  lens. Use a lens brush to remove dust. If the
  lens is dirty, clean with pure alcohol, Windex,
  high-grade pharmaceutical acetone (keep it off of
  wood stocks), or pure water on a cotton swab.

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Windage ElevationAdjustments

• These adjustments are permanently lubricated.
  Keep turret caps on when not adjusting to keep
  out dust and dirt. However, Leupold scopes are
  permanently sealed even when the caps are off.

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Windage and Elevation
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Windage and Elevation
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Eyepiece Adjustments

• This adjustment is permanently
• lubricated. It can be rotated as far as it will
  go in either direction and will not unscrew due
  to an internal Anti-back off ring.

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Seals

• All seals are
• permanent and require
• no maintenance.

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Scope Exterior

• Leupold scopes are made of a tough, aircraft-type
  aluminum, anodized for a smooth, glossy black,
  matte black, or silver finish. No maintenance of
  any kind is required, except to wipe off dirt and
  fingerprints.

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Power Selector Ring

• No lubrication is required. Do not attempt to
  loosen or remove the
• hex head screw in the power
• selector ring.

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Variable vs. Fixed Military vs. Law Enforcement

• FIXED
• Less of a chance for ranging error when using Mil
  Dots (Front focal variable)
• Most military snipers use a fixed. (
  Standardization and they train for the long shot)
  They operate in a non permissive environment. The
  longer the shot the safer they stay.
• Military sniper gathers intelligence as well, but
  is usually with his spotter.
• Very rugged, less moving parts. (Military mission
  profile is brutal ).

• VARIABLE
• LE snipers are sometimes the only source of
  intelligence for the entry team, and need the
  ability to see at different powers.
• Does not become a factor for error if not using
  Mil Dots.( Again, front focal eliminates error
  all together.)
• More versatile(Rural to City). This is why the
  military employs variables for urban warfare.

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Accuracy in Variable Scopes

• With Leupold variables, there is virtually no
  movement of the point-of-impact. Such accuracy is
  possible because of our extremely close machining
  tolerances, which can be as small as 5/10,000ths
  of an inch (.0005"). Thats five times thinner
  than an average human hair. Another important
  factor is the computer-aided design of optical
  and mechanical systems inside our variables,
  which results in unparalleled performance.

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Track-Out

• To prove repeatable accuracy, you must be able to
  shoot a tight group at each power
  setting...ideally with a single point-of-impact.
• If you cant achieve this with your variable, you
  have a track-out problem. (Your point-of-impact
  varies from power setting to power setting.)

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Myth vs. Reality

• Larger Objective Lenses guarantee better light
  transmission.
• The most expensive scope is the best.
• Rings and Bases are all the same.
• The better the scope, the less I have to train.
• Track-Out problems have nothing to do with poor
  shooting habits.

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Myth vs. Reality

• Keeping an accurate Data log is the snipers best
  tool for tracking both rifle and scope
  performance/ problems (courts will request data
  books should you one day make the shot)
• Reducing a head target on the Xerox machine by
  half is not the same as shooting double the
  distance. (I have actually seen this done in some
  sniper programs)

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Myth vs. Reality

• The more magnification, the more accurate.
• 30mm tube allows more light transmission than a
  1 tube.

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Mounting a Scope

• Mounting the scope isnt all that tricky. But it
  is exceedingly important that you do it right.
  Here are some easy tips to follow.
• Select quality mounts.
• Install according to instructions.
• Do not use scope as a lever when installing rings
  use a wooden dowel or Leupold ring wrench.
• Ensure proper ring alignment.
• Always use the right length screws when mounting
  the base to the rifle.

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Mounting a Scope

• Where cross-slotted screws are involved, at least
  half the scopes mounted at home are installed
  incorrectly simply because household screwdrivers
  dont fit the scope-mount screw slots. Use a high
  quality screw-driver of exactly the right width
  and blade thickness. Of course, this problem is
  eliminated when Torx screws and wrenches are
  used, as is the case with Leupold rings and bases.

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Common Problems

• Problem
• Scope's adjustment will not travel in a straight
  line.
• Caused by
• Too much Windage and elevation dialed into scope
  causing erector system to contact the inside of
  the maintube.
• Solution
• Use windage adjustable base and/or shims.

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Common Problems

• Problem
• Not enough elevation adjustment after zeroing the
  rifle.
• Caused by
• Rifle's receiver is not in proper alignment with
  the barrel.
• Solutions
• Use tapered mount base (Leupold Long Range STD).
• Use a shim beneath the rear base.

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Common Problems

• Problem
• Scope is mounted too far forward. Shooter cannot
  get proper eye relief.
• Caused by
• Scope cannot be moved rearward because the
  objective bell contacts the forward ring.
• Solution
• Use a reverse front mount base or an extension
  ring. (available in STD and Dual Dovetail
  systems). Make certain the length of pull on the
  rifle is correct for the shooter. Shorten stock
  if necessary

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Common Problems

• Problem When I move my elevation adjustment to
  raise the point of impact, my reticle goes down.
• Caused by
• When you make an elevation or windage adjustment
  on a Leupold scope, you're not moving the
  reticle. The adjustment mechanism moves the
  erector system. This causes the image of the
  target to move. If you look through the scope
  while turning the elevation or windage dials, the
  reticle will appear to move in the opposite
  direction. This is normal.
• Example When you move the elevation dial in the
  upward direction, the target image goes up, not
  the reticle. This will cause you to aim higher
  when you fire the next shot.

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Using the Mil. Dot reticle

• Know the actual size of the target.
• Measure the target using the mil. dots on the
  reticle.
• Estimate the distance to the target.

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Mil. Dot reticle
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MIL. DOT RETICLE MEASUREMENTS
1 MIL
5 MIL
0.8 MIL
1 MIL
0.9 MIL
1 MIL
0.5 MIL
1.0 MIL 3.600
0.2 MIL
0.9 MIL 3.240
0.8 MIL 2.880
0.5 MIL 1.800
0.2 MIL 0.720
1.0 MIL 3.438 MOA 3.600 _at_100 YARDS
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Mil. Dot reticle

• Height of Target in Yards X 1000
• Height of Target in Mils Distance

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• Estimate height of target and locate across the
  top.
• Measure height of target in mils and locate down
  the side.
• Move down from the top and right from the side to
  find the range in yards.

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M I L . D O T R E T I C L E
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How to use the Duplex Reticle for Range Estimation

• Uses this feature to estimate ranges on objects
  you know to be 16 inches high or wide.(average
  distance from armpit to armpit on a man)
• The space between the thick part of the reticle
• and the perpendicular (horizontal) thin part
• represents 16 inches at 200 yards.
• Adjust the magnification so that your target fits
• inside this. Then check the corresponding
  range number on the power selector ring for the
  rough distance.

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Duplex Reticle
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Low Light Tips

• Illuminated Reticles
• Dial down in magnification to increase the Exit
  Pupil size
• White Light Source -- Surefire Lights
• Weapon mounted lights
• Patrol car spot lights
• Street-Porch lights
• Chem-Lights
• Several colors and IR Illuminators for Night
  Vision

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Night Vision Tips

• Sim-Rad
• Objective mounted system w/integral rings
• KN 205 KN 250 Systems
• All weapon systems and observation devices
• UNSUniversal Night System
• Objective mounted on cantilever rail system
• All weapon systems
• ITT PVS-14
• Eye piece mounted system (changes eye relief)
• Designed for low recoiling AR-15/M4 systems

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Mark 4 Tactical Academy

• 3 full days of Optics classroom training with
  live fire range demos with our newest products.
• Basic understanding of scope components and
  functionality of tactical rifle scopes.
• Competitive comparisons when purchasing rifle
  scopes, what to look for.
• Basic installation, maintence, scope care, and
  warranty information .
• Approximately 500 Tactical Military/ Law
  Enforcement students to date.
• Academy coming in Spring 2005

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2005 New Products Preview

• 3.5-10x40mm LR/T Front Focal M1 M3

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2005 New Products Preview

• 1.5-5x20mm MR/T M2 Illuminated SPR
• 1.5-5x20mm PR

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2005 New Products Preview

• Mark 4 Tactical Binos 10x50mm with Mildot

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2005 New Products Preview

• New reticle designs for LR/T MR/T
• Watch website (January 1st 2005)

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