Ch. 1

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Ch. 1 Matter and Change

• I. Chemistry As a Physical Science

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Chemistry

• Chemistry
• the study of the composition, structure, and
  properties of matter and the changes that matter
  undergoes
• Chemical
• any substance that has a definite composition or
  is used or produced in a chemical process

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6 Branches of Chemistry

• organic chemistry- the study of most
  carbon-containing chemicals
• inorganic chemistry- the study of nonorganic
  substances

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6 Branches of Chemistry

• biochemistry- the study of substances and
  processes occurring in living things
• analytical chemistry- the identification of the
  components and composition of materials

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6 Branches of Chemistry

• physical chemistry- the study of the properties
  and changes of matter and their relation to
  energy

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6 Branches of Chemistry

• Theoretical chemistry- the use of mathematics and
  computers to understand the principles behind
  observed chemical behavior and to design and
  predict new compounds

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Chemistry vs. Technology

• Basic research- the pursuit of chemical knowledge
  for its own sake
• Applied research- research that is directed
  toward a practical goal or application

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Chemistry vs. Technology

• Basic research can lead directly to an
  application, but an application cant exist
  before research is done to explain how it works.
• ? need a problem first

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Chemistry vs. Technology

• Chemistry differs from technology
• i.e. Aspirin
• Determining the structure of aspirin is chemistry
• Using aspirin to relieve pain and reduce fever is
  technology

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Ch. 1 Matter and Change

• II. Matter and Its Properties

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Matter Flowchart
MATTER
yes
no
Can it be physically separated?
Homogeneous Mixture (solution)
Heterogeneous Mixture
Compound
Element
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Pure Substances

• Every sample has exactly the same characteristic
  properties
• Every sample has exactly the same composition

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Pure Substances

• Element
• composed of identical atoms
• EX copper wire, aluminum foil

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Pure Substances

• Compound
• composed of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio
• properties differ from those of individual
  elements
• EX table salt (NaCl)

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Pure Substances

• For example

Two different compounds, each has a definite
composition.
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Matter Flowchart

• Examples
• graphite
• pepper
• sugar (sucrose)
• paint
• soda

• element
• hetero. mixture
• compound
• hetero. mixture
• solution

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Mixtures

• Variable combination of 2 or more pure substances.

Heterogeneous
Homogeneous
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Mixtures

• Solution
• homogeneous
• very small particles

• particles dont settle
• EX rubbing alcohol

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Mixtures

• Suspension
• heterogeneous
• large particles
• particles settle
• EX fresh-squeezed lemonade

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Mixtures

• Examples
• mayonnaise
• muddy water
• fog
• saltwater
• Italian salad dressing

• colloid
• suspension
• colloid
• solution
• suspension

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Extensive vs. Intensive

• Extensive Property
• depends on the amount of matter present
• Intensive Property
• depends on the identity of substance, not the
  amount

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Extensive vs. Intensive

• Examples
• boiling point
• volume
• mass
• density
• conductivity

• intensive
• extensive
• extensive
• intensive
• intensive

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Physical vs. Chemical

• Physical Property
• can be observed without changing the identity of
  the substance
• Chemical Property
• describes the ability of a substance to undergo
  changes in identity

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Physical vs. Chemical

• Examples
• melting point
• flammable
• density
• magnetic
• tarnishes in air

• physical
• chemical
• physical
• physical
• chemical

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Physical vs. Chemical

• Physical Change
• changes the form of a substance without changing
  its identity
• properties remain the same
• Chemical Change
• changes the identity of a substance
• products have different properties

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Physical vs. Chemical

• Signs of a Chemical Change
• change in color or odor
• formation of a gas
• formation of a precipitate (solid)
• change in light or heat

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Physical vs. Chemical

• Examples
• rusting iron
• dissolving in water
• burning a log
• melting ice
• grinding spices

• chemical
• physical
• chemical
• physical
• physical

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Four States of Matter

• Solids
• particles vibrate but cant move around
• fixed shape
• fixed volume

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Four States of Matter

• Liquids
• particles can move around but are still close
  together
• variable shape
• fixed volume

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Four States of Matter

• Gases
• particles can separate and move throughout
  container
• variable shape
• variable volume

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Four States of Matter

• Plasma
• particles collide with enough energy to break
  into charged particles (/-)
• gas-like, variableshape volume
• stars, fluorescentlight bulbs, CRTs

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Ch. 1 Matter and Change

• III. Elements

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Modern Periodic Table
Period- horizontzal row
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Modern Periodic Table
Group or Family - Vertical column
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Metals, Nonmetals, Metalloids
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Metals

• solids at room temperature, have a grayish color
  and shiny surface and conduct electricity
• largest region
• excellent conductor of heat
• lustrous
• ductile
• malleable

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Nonmetals

• second largest region on table
• vary in properties a bit
• poor conductor
• gases or brittle solids at room temp.

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Metalloids

• an element having properties of metals as well as
  nonmetals
• some have conductive properties
• some have luster
• some brittle
• solid at room temp.
• semiconductors