The Use of Force

1
The Use of Force

• Why do we use force?
• What can you do with force?
• Answer attain political goals

2
The Functions of Force

• Defense
• Deterrence
• Compellence (coercive diplomacy)
• Swaggering
• Dissuasion
• Based in part on

3
Sources

• Thomas Schelling. Strategy of Conflict
  (Cambridge Harvard University Press, 1960).
• Thomas Schelling. Arms and Influence (New Haven
  Yale University Press, 1966).
• Alexander George, David Hall, William Simons. The
  Limits of Coercive Diplomacy (Boston Little,
  Brown and Co., 1971)
• Robert Art. To What Ends Military Power?
  International SecurityVol. 4, No. 4 (Spring,
  1980), pp. 3-35

4
1. Defense
5
2. Deterrence

• Threat
• To prevent action
• Aimed at decision making

6
Types of Deterrence

• Deterrence by Punishment
• Deterrence by Denial

7
Credibility

• Capability
• Will
• A bluff?

8
Extended Deterrence

• A Tripwire?
• US and NATO Credibility
• deployments

9
3. Compellence (coercive diplomacy)

• To change opponent behavior
• To stop an opponent from doing something they are
  doing
• To get an opponent to do something they are not
  doing

10
War is Bargaining
11
Escalation?

• The Threat That
• Leaves Something
• to Chance (Schelling)
• Deliberate?
• Inadvertent?
• Herman Kahns Escalation Ladder

12
Compellence Success

• Cuban Missile Crisis

13
Compellence Failure

• F-105s over Vietnam

14
Dilemmas

• Perceiving message
• Can the opponent do what you ask?
• The Balance of will

15
4. Swaggering

• The Great White Fleet 12/07-2/09

16
5. Dissuasion

• Dont even try to threaten us

17

• Dont even think about becoming our equal