The Human Body: An Orientation

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The Human BodyAn Orientation

• The Language of Anatomy

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Anatomical Position

• The bodys standard position
• Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing
  forward, thumbs point away from body

Figure 1.7a
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Directional Terms

• Superior (cranial) and inferior (caudal) toward
  and away from the head
• Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) toward
  the front and back of the body
• Medial, lateral, and intermediate toward midline
  of body, away from midline, and between a more
  medial and lateral structure

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Directional Terms

• Proximal and distal closer to and farther from
  the origin of the body
• Superficial and deep toward and away from the
  body surface

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Directional Terms
Table 1.1
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Directional Terms
Table 1.1
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Practice!

• The arms are ___________ to the chest.
• The breastbone is ___________ to the spine.
• The skin is _______________ to the skeleton.
• The armpit is _________________ between the
  breastbone and shoulder.
• The elbow is _______________ to the wrist.
• The lungs are ___________ to the rib cage.
• The navel is ____________ to the breastbone.

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Anterior Regional Terms

• Abdominal anterior body trunk inferior to ribs
• Acromial point of shoulder
• Antecubital anterior surface of elbow
• Axillary armpit
• Brachial arm
• Buccal cheek area
• Carpal wrist
• Cervical neck region
• Coxal hip
• Crural leg
• Digital fingers, toes
• Femoral thigh

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Anterior Regional Terms

• Fibular lateral part of leg
• Inguinal area where thigh meets body trunk
• Nasal nose area
• Oral mouth
• Orbital eye area
• Patellar anterior knee
• Pelvic area overlying the pelvis anteriorly
• Pubic genital region
• Sternal breastbone area
• Tarsal ankle region
• Thoracic chest
• Umbilical navel

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Regional Terms Anterior View
Figure 1.7a
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Posterior Regional Terms

• Cephalic head
• Deltoid curve of shoulder formed by large
  deltoid muscle
• Gluteal buttock
• Lumbar area of back between ribs and hips
• Occipital posterior surface of head
• Popliteal posterior knee area
• Sacral area between hips
• Scapular shoulder blade region
• Sural the posterior surface of lower leg (calf)
• Vertebral area of spine

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Regional Terms Posterior View
Figure 1.7b
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Body Planes

• 3 imaginary lines that lie at right angles to one
  another
• Sagittal plane longitudinal cut that divides the
  body into right and left parts
• Midsagittal or median sagittal plane that lies
  along the midline of the body
• Frontal or coronal plane longitudinal cut that
  divides the body into anterior and posterior
  parts
• Transverse plane (cross section) horizontal cut
  that divides the body into superior and inferior
  parts

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Body Planes
Figure 1.8
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Body Cavities

• 2 major cavities
• Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system
  divided into two subdivisions
• Cranial cavity within the skull, encases the
  brain
• Vertebral cavity runs within the vertebral
  column, encases the spinal cord
• Ventral cavity houses the internal organs
  (viscera) divided into two subdivisions by the
  diaphragm
• Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

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Body Planes
Figure 1.9a
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Body Cavities

• Thoracic cavity is subdivided into pleural
  cavities and the pericardial cavity
• Pleural cavities each houses a lung
• Pericardial cavity encloses the heart

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Body Cavities

• Abdominopelvic cavity is composed of two
  subdivisions
• Abdominal cavity contains the stomach,
  intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs
• Pelvic cavity contains the bladder, reproductive
  organs, and rectum

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Body Planes
Figure 1.9b
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants

• Quadrants are one way to divide the large cavity
  into smaller areas of study
• Right upper
• Left upper
• Right lower
• Left lower

Figure 1.12
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Abdominopelvic Regions

• Other anatomists use 9 separate regions
• Umbilical
• Epigastric
• Hypogastric
• Right and left iliac or inguinal
• Right and left lumbar
• Right and left hypochondriac

Figure 1.11a
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Organs of the Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1.11b