Optics

1
Optics

• Telescope
• Johannes Lippershey (Middleburg, 1608)
• By accident - no knowledge of optics
• Manufactured sold in London (1609)
• Microscope
• Inventor unknown
• Zacharius Jansen, Galileo (1614)
• Surveyors quadrant (1631)
• Earliest - Joseph Lusuerg (Rome, 1674)

2
Crank

• Conversion of rotary reciprocating motions
• Cam - Hero of Alexandria
• Crank connecting rod (1430)

3
Crank Connecting Rod
4
Print

• Greatest invention of Middle ages
• Johannes Gutenberg (Germany, 1440)
• Invention of paper reached Germany in about 1320
• Cutting of punches from brass, punch copper
  plate, pour molten iron
• Development of inks
• First book (Caxton, 1474)
• By 1500, 1050 presses in Europe

5
Screw Press
6
THE FOURTH AGE

• Intimations of Automation

7
Intimations of Automation

• Coinage - first mass production ?
• Factory system
• Interchangeability of components
• A computer too early

8
Coinage

• As early as 600 BC
• Coin Blanks (1000)
• Sheet of metal, hammered, then cut
• Bramante (Florence, 1500)
• Utilized screw press
• Rolling mills
• Boulton (Soho, 1797)
• Utilized power from steam engine

9
Factory System

• Began with print shops and mints
• Textile industry (late 1700s)
• Flying shuttle (Kay, 1755)
• Water frame (Arkwright, 1790)
• Spinning Jenny (Hargreave, 1760)
• Mule (Crompton, 1788)
• Power Loom (Robert, 1825)
• Primarily operated by steam

10
Factory System (continued)

• Industrial cities
• Coal and oil in addition to steam
• No need to locate industry by a river
• Britain
• Liverpool, Manchester, Glasgow, Leeds,
  Nottingham, Birmingham
• Metal-working industries
• Machines create more machines
• lathes, boring, milling, shaping, slotting,
  planing, grinding, gear-cutting

11
James Watts Micrometer (1772)
12
Henry Maudslays Screw Cutting Lathe (1797)
13
Interchangeability of Components

• Beginning of mass production
• Locks
• Joseph Bramah (1790)
• Required accuracy in production
• Barrel of lock fits casing of another
• Smooth bore flintlock muskets
• Eli Whitney (1798)
• Supplied US govt. with 15,000
• Required 8 years

14
A Computer Too Early

• Charles Babbage
• Professor of Mathematics, Cambridge
• Difference Engine (1833)
• Special purpose calculating machine
• Analytical Engine (gt1834)
• Universal calculator
• Engine ?
• Power by steam (no foresight)
• Purely mechanical with highly precise gearing and
  machining

15
Difference Engine (1833)
16
THE FIFTH AGE

• The Expansion of Steam

17
Pre-Steam

• Francesca della Porta (1606)
• Suction caused by condensing steam
• Ability to draw up water
• Otto von Guericke (1654)
• Two teams of 8 horses cant pull apart copper
  sphere made of two halves
• Blaise Pascal (1648)
• Weight of column of air is less at elevation
• Robert Boyle (1660)
• Gas laws

18
Steam Engine

• Hero of Alexandria
• Newcomen (1712)
• 21 inch dia. piston (12 strokes per min)
• 10 gallons of water 51 yards per stroke
• Low efficiency
• Watt
• Condense steam create vacuum
• Separate condenser (1769)
• Double-acting engine (1782)
• Rotative Engine (1781)

19
Newcomen (1712)
20
Development of Steam

• Trevithick (1799)
• High pressure steam
• Fulton (1807)
• Clermont on Hudson river
• Sirius crossed Atlantic (1830)
• Intercontinental Railway

21
THE SIXTH AGE

• The Freedom of Internal Combustion

22
Chronology

• Huygens utilized gunpowder in piston and cylinder
• Etienne Lenoir (1859)
• Coal gas as fuel with ignition
• Nikolaus Otto (1877)
• Four-stroke cycle
• Gottlieb Daimler (1885)
• Petrol as fuel

23
Benz Tricycle (1855)
24
Chronology (continued)

• Paris-Rouen race (1894)
• Rudolf Diesel (1892)
• Wright Brothers (1903)
• Ford Model A (1903)

25
THE SEVENTH AGE

• Electrons Controlled

26
Chronology

• Gas Lines (Late 1700s)
• Philippe Lebon (1799)
• Gas From Heating Wood
• Frederick Windsor (1807)
• Gas From Coal
• Lit Pall Mall in London (1807)
• 26 mile long main (1816)
• Hydraulic Mains
• Joseph Bramah
• Hydraulic Press (1795)
• Hydraulic Mains (1812)

27
Chronology (continued)

• Electricity
• William Gilbert (1600)
• Alessandro Volta (1800s)
• Zinc and Silver discs- Voltaic Pile
• First True Battery - Static Source of Power
• Michael Faraday (1831)
• First Electric Generator
• Moved Magnet near a Wire
• Wheatstone Cooke (1845)
• Substituted Electromagnets
• First Dynamo

28
Chronology (continued)

• Telephone - Bell (1876)
• Incandescent Light Bulb (1879)
• Thomas Edison - USA
• J.W. Swan - England
• Electronics
• J.A. Fleming - Diode (1904)
• ASCC/IBM - First computer ? (1944)
• Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator
• Mechanical Switching
• ENIAC - First Electronic Computer (1946)
• Electronic Num. Integrator and Calculator