Linguistics vs. Traditional Grammar

1
Linguistics vs. Traditional Grammar
2
(No Transcript)
3
A linguist is interested in what is said, not
what he thinks ought to be said. He describes
language in all its aspects, but does not
prescribe rules of correctness.
He does not believe that there is some absolute
standard of correctness
concerning language use.
4
Instead, he would prefer to be an observer and
recorder of facts, but not a judge.
5
Traditional grammar was very strongly normative
in character. The grammarian saw it as his task
to formulate the standards of correctness and to
impose these, if necessary, upon the speakers of
the language.
6
B.Linguistics regards the spoken language as
primary, not the written.
7
c) Linguistics differs from traditional grammar
in that it does not force languages into a
Latin-based framework.
8
(No Transcript)
9
1. ?????????????????????????????,?????????????????
????,???????,??????????????????????
10
?????????????????,??????????????,????????
I didnt do nothing. ??????
It is not true that I did
nothing. ? I did something.
11
??,???????????????????????????????????????????????
, didnt??,??? didnt??? ?
12
?????? All the children didnt sleep
(All the children failed to sleep.) All
the children didnt sleep. (Not all the children
failed to sleep.)
13
?????????????????????????????????????????
All the children didnt sleep.
(????sleep?,?????) ?All the children didnt
sleep.(????all?,??????)
14
????????????????????????,?????????????????????????
??"Why I Teach"?????????
15
Certainly, I don't teach because teaching is easy
for me. Teaching is the most difficult of the
various ways I have attempted to earn my living
mechanic, carpenter, writer.
16
??????,"I don't teach because teaching is easy
for me."?????????????
1)I don't teach because teaching is easy for
me. (Teaching is easy for me, so I don't
teach.) 2) I don't teach because teaching is easy
for me. ( I teach, but it isn't because
teaching is easy for me.)
17
??????????
1)I don't ?teach because teaching is easy for
me. 2) I don't teach because teaching
is easy for ?me.
18
a)What disturbed John was being disregarded
by everyone. b) What disturbed John was
being disre garded by everyone.
19
????????????????????????????????????????,??? A
bull-/fight involves bulls. A /bull-calf is a
young bull.
20
?????? I cant care less.
I can care less. ?????????,???????
?????????,??????????????,?
I dont mind.
21
???,??????????????????????????????
???????? ?????????
22
??????????????????? ???????? ????????
23
?????????? ??????????
????????????????????????,??????????????????,
??????????????????
24
2. There are no absolute standards of
correctness in language uses.
25
R.R.K. Harman et al (1973328) ?Dictionary of
Language and Linguistics ?????????????????????
,????????????????????????
26
??LINC Project (1994)???????? ???????????Trudgi
ll (1975)??????????,??????????????????????????,??
?????,????????????????????
27
?????????????????????????????????,??????,?????????
?????????,???????????????????????????????????
28
?????????,??90??,????????????????????,??????????
??????????,?????????????????????,????????
29
1)??????????,??????????????????????,??
a. I am important artist. ? b. I am
artist.
30
2)?????????????,????????,??
a. It is an atomic weapon. b. ? It is atomic
weapon.
31
??????????????????????????????????,?? 1)(On
Independent Television) It is extremely
anxious time---worrying. (Eric Brady
1 June 1993)
32
2)( A male performing artist on BBC Radio 4s
Today Program)
I prefer to work with people who do think I am
import artist.
( Tues. 21 June 1994)
33
3) (New York times Service in the
International Herald Tribune)
It is great shame. We are all fired, oh dear!
(Suzanne Cassidy 25 Mar.1992)
34
3. ????????????????????? ?Collins English
Dictionary?,? they??????? they not standard,
refers to an indefinite antecedent such as one,
whoever, or anybody,?? If anybody objects,
they can go.
35
?their???????
their belonging to or associated in some way
with an indefinite antecedent such as one,
whoever, or anybody,??
Everyone should bring their own lunch.
36
???? their???????????? their????,????????
their??????????????????????,????????????,??????
their???????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????,?????????????????????????
37
?Henry Bosley Woolf???Websters New Collegiate
Dictionary (1977)? they ?their???????
38
they often used with an indefinite third person
singular antecedent their used with an
indefinite third person singular antecedent
anyone in their senses---W.H.Auden
39
?? they ?their???????,????????????????????????
????,???? they ?their???????????????
40
Sinclair?1987????Collins Cobuild English Language
Dictionary(CCELD)???

41
he 1)to refer to a man or a boy who has already
been mentioned or named, or whose identity is
known. 2)to refer to a person whose sex is
not known or is not stated, esp. after pronoun
such as someone, or nobody or when you have
used a singular noun to refer to a particular
class or group of people. Some people dislike
this use.
42
they 1)Refer to people, animals or things that
have already been mentioned or whose identity is
known. 2)Instead of he or she, to refer to
a person whose sex is not known or stated, esp.
after pronoun, such as someone or nobody , or
when you have used a singular noun to refer
generally to a particular class or group of
people. Some people dislike this use.
43
Sinclair????? he??????,??? they???????????????
???????????????,?
44

• strut someone who struts walks in a proud way
  with their head held high and their chest out, as
  if they are very important.

45
Stub out when someone stubs out a cigarette
or cigar, they put it out by pressing the
burning end against something hard.
46
Stubborn someone who is stubborn is determined
to do what they want and very unwilling to change
their mind. Stuff If you stuff someone
in game, you beat them easily.
47
4. ??????????????????????????????????,????????????
?????????????
48

• ??????????????????????????????,???????????????????
  ?????????????

49
Garfinkel (1967)?????????????????????,????????????
???,??
( Between Friends in the Dormitory ) Trish
Would it be possible for you to wait for me after
class? Ana Yes, of course. Its possible. Why
are you talking so proper?
50
???????????,Trish?????????,??????,????????????????
??????????Trish????????????,???????????
51
????Ana????????????????????????,??Trish????????,??
???Ana?????????????Trish???????????Ana????Ana???Tr
ish??????????,?????????????Trish ?????