???

1
???µ? ?a? ????s?

• ???taf???? ??ß??

2
??t?p?sµ?? t?? µ??µ??

• S?µµet????? p????? pe?????? t?? e??ef????.
• Penfield (sp???a) a?ad??µ?? ?at? t?? ??e?t????
  e?e??sµ? t?? ???taf???? ??ß??.

3
?e????????????? µe??t? t?? µ??µ??

• ? Brenda Milner µe??t?se t??? as?e?e?? t??
  Penfield.

4
??

• 27-?????? e???t?? s??a?µ?????s??.
• ??e??pe?te? ???se?? ep?????a?.
• ?fa??es? ?s? µ???a? ???taf???? ??ß??.

5
?p?te??sµata e??e???s??

• ?p??e?a µ??µ?? ??ase ??a??t?ta ?a s??µat??e?
  ??e? µa???????e? a?aµ??se??.
• ??at????se a?aµ??se?? ap? p??? t?? e??e???s?.
• T?µ?ta? t? ???µa ?a? t? d???e?? t??, ?e????ta
  pa?d???? ?????a?, d?at???se ???ss???? ??a??t?te?,
  ?e???????, µ?t??? de??t? ???µ?s????.
• ??a??????? µ??µ? ????t?.
• S?µp??asµa ?e? µp????se ?a µetaf??e? µ???s? ap?
  ß?a??????? se µa????????.

6
??s????e? st?? ?a??µe???? ???

• ?e? a?a??????e ?t?µa ????sta p??e??e???t???.
• ??s????a st?? p??sa?at???sµ? st? ????.
• ?ta? ??a??? ??a ??p??a e?d? µ???s?? (??e?
  µ??a????? e??as?e?).

7
??a??????? s?????t?s? p????f?????

• S????at??se se??? ??f??? µe epa?????? ??a ???a
  ?ept? µ???.

8
????? s?µe?a e??as??? p?? ?µa?e ? ??

• ??t?µat?sµ??
• ?e? apa?t??? s??e?d?t? a?????s? ? s???ete?
  ???st???? ?d??t?te?

9
??d? µ??µ??

• ??d???
• ?a?a????µe t? e??a? ? ??sµ?? ap??t??ta? ???se??
  ??a ?t?µa, ??se?? ?a? p???µata p??s?t? st?
  s??e?d?s?.

• ?d???
• ?a?a????µe p?? ?a ?????µe p???µata ap??t??ta?
  ????t???? ? a?t???pt???? ??a??t?te? p?? e??a?
  ap??s?te? st? s??e?d?s?.

10
?etas??µat?sµ?? t?? ??d???? µ??µ??

• ? ??d??? µ??µ? e??a? s???et??? d?e??as?a.
• ?? p????f???e? p?? ap????e???ta? e??a? p?????
  epe?e??as?a? ap? a?t???pt??? s?st?µa.
• ??e??as?a ?at? t?? ?p??a t? ?t?µ? e?µ??e?e? t?
  pe??ß????? t??.
• St?? a?????s? ???eta? a?as???es? pa?a???
  ?e????t?? µe ???st???? st?at?????? ??a ?a
  d?µ??????s??µe sta?e?? ?a? ?????? µ??µ?.

11
??d??? µ??µ? s?st?µa t?? ?s? ???taf???? ??ß??

• ??d???p??e? p????f???e? ??a a?t?ß????af???
  s?µß??ta ?a? te?µ????µ??? ???s?.
• S??µat?sµ?? e?a?t?ta? ap? ???st???? d?e??as?e?
  (e?t?µ?s?, s?????s?, s??epa????).
• ??a?a????ta? µe s??p?µ? p???? a?????s??.
• ?µ??s?a??? ????? ß??ße? p?? d?ata??ss???
  µa???????? ap????e?s? ???? µ??µ??, a??? d?at?????
  ?a?? µ??µ? p??????µe??? ?e????t??.

12
????? t?? ?pp??aµp?? st?? µ??µ?

• ?a??d???? ????? ap????e?s?? µa????????? µ??µ??.
• ?etaß?ß??e? p????f???e? st? f???? ??a µ???µ?
  ap????e?s?.
• ?e?t????e? e?te sa sta?µ?? e?te sa s?st?µa
  d?e??????s??.

13
?d??? µ??µ? a?t???pt???? ?a? a?ta?a??ast???? ?d??

• ??e? a?t?µat? ? a?ta?a??ast??? ?a?a?t??a.
• S??µat?sµ?? ?a? a?????s? de? e?a?t??ta? ap?
  ep????s? ? ???st???? d?e??as?e?.
• S?ss??e?eta? ß?ad??? µe epa?a???e??.
• ??ast????t?ta e?d???? a?s??t???? ?a? ????t????
  s?st?µat?? p?? pa?eµßa????? st? µa??s?a?? ????.
• ??at??e?ta? ap? µ??a??sµ??? ap????e?s?? st? ???e
  ?e?t??????? s?st?µa.

14
??d? ?d???? µ???s??

• S??e??µ???
• ??as??? e?a?t?µ??? µ???s? (s??e??? 2 e?e??sµ?t??)
• S??te?est??? e?a?t?µ??? µ???s? (s??e???
  e?e??sµat??-ap????s??)
• ?? s??e??µ???
• ???sµ?? (e??tt?s? ap????s?? se epa?a?aµßa??µe??
  ?a????e? e????sµa)
• ??a?s??t?p???s? (e??s??s? ap????se?? se µe????
  p??????a e?e??sµ?t?? µet? ap? ??t??? e????sµa)

15
??a?t?µ??? µ???s? ap?st??f?? p??? t?? t??f?

• ???????a pe??????e? µ???s? se e?e??sµata s?et???
  µe ep?ß??s?.
• ?? µ?a ?e?s? a????????e? ap? ?a?t?a ? ??t???
  ap?st??f?.
• ??e???t??? p??d???es? t?? e??ef???? ??a µ???s?
  s??des?? µeta?? ???sµ???? e?e??sµ?t??/e?e??sµat??-
  ap????s??.
• ???s? st? ?e?ape?a ??????? a??????sµ??.
• S?µßa??e? st? ??µe???e?ape?a ?a?????pa???.

16
Te?ape?t???? te?????? ßas?sµ??e? st?? e?a?t?µ???
µ???s?

• ?p?sßes? s?st?µat??? ape?a?s??t?p???s?
  (f?ß?e?), ??as??? e?a?t?µ??? µ???s?.
• ?e????? µ????? ?a????s??, fa?t??eta? µ?a se???
  ap? p???de?t??? p?? s?ßa??? ?atast?se?? p??
  p???a???? ????? ???s?µ?p????ta? t? ?a????s?.
• ???a??d?as? -- s??te?est??? e?a?t?µ??? µ???s?.
• ???s??s? ? ?atast??? ap????se?? t?? ?p???? de?
  ??e? ???s? ? as?e???.

17
???a??sµ?? t?? µ??µ??

• ?a???d??µ? aµ??s?a (ap??e?a µ??µ?? ??a ?e????ta
  p??? ?t?p?µa).
• ???d??µ? aµ??s?a (ap??e?a µ??µ?? ??a ?e????ta p??
  s?µßa????? µet? t?? a???t?s? a?s??se??).
• ?????f???e? pe????? epe?e??as?a se ap?????
  ß?a???????? µ??µ??, µetas??µat????ta? se
  µa???????? ap??eµa.
• ??ata?a?? µ??µ?? ?fe??eta? se ?atast??f? e?te
  pe??e??µ???? ap???µat?? ? µ??a??sµ?? a?????s??.

18
?e??????? µ??t??? t?? ??d???? µ??µ??

• ???taf???? f?????
• ?fa??es? de???? ???taf???? ??ß??
• ?fa??es? a??ste??? ???taf???? ??ß??
• ?????te? ß??ße?
• ????de?t??? e?f???s?
• ?µ??da??
• ?pp??aµp??
• ?e????????? f?????
• ??e??efa???? aµ??s?a

19
???taf???? f?????

• ??s?e?t?????a de???? ???taf???? ??ß?? e??e?µµata
  st?? a?a?????s? p??s?p??, ??s?? st? ????,
  e?µ???s? ?aß???????. ?pa?te?ta? epa?????? ??a t??
  µ???s?.
• ??s?e?t?????a a??ste??? ???taf???? ??ß??
  e??e?µµata st?? a?????s? ???e??, ?e?t?????
  s??e??µ???, de? de?????? ?aµp??? µ???s??.
• ?????t? ß??ß? ap?? e?p?t??? e??efa??t?da
• ????de?t??? e?f???s? ????a ??p?? Alzheimer
  p??d??µ??? aµ??s?a (µ?s?? ???taf???? f?????),
  a?ad??µ??? aµ??s?a (???taf???? s??e??µ???? ?a?
  µet?p?a?e? pe??????)

20
?µ??da??

• ????ap??? p????e? µe e?e?d??e?µ??e? ?e?t?????e?
  (s??a?s??µat????, ?sf??t????, ??µ???? p????f???e?
  ?a? e??????s?).
• ?????? eµp???eta? st? s??a?s??µat??? s?µas?a t??
  a?aµ??se??.

21
?pp??aµp??

• ?????? µ??µ? ?a? p?????s? st? ????.

22
?e????????? f?????

• ???e?µµata st?? ?pt??? a?a?????s?.

23
??e??efa???? aµ??s?a

• ?p?t??esµa est?a??? ß?aß?? µ?s?? ?a??µ??
  (a??e?a?? e??efa???? epe?s?d?a)
• S??d??µ? Korsakoff (µe ?p?s?t?sµ?)
• ???d??µ??? aµ??s?a
• ??ad??µ??? aµ??s?a
• ????p?as?a
• Ft??? pe??e??µe?? st? s???t?s?
• ???e??? e???as?? s?et??? µe t?? ?at?stas? t???
• ?p??e?a

24
?e??????? µ??t??? ?d???? µ??µ??

• ?as??? ??????a (?e???f???? p????a?, fa??e?d??
  p????a?) (p.?., ???e?a Huntington)

25
??µ??? ß?s? t?? µ??µ??

• ??tta???? a??s?da (? s??a??) t?? Hebb
• ?ta? d?? ??tta?a d?e?e????? s????????, e?????ta?
  ?e?t???????
• ?p??ad?p?te ??tta???? a??s?da µp??e? ?a d?e?e??e?
  ap? ???e?
• ??s? t?? µ???s??

26
?e??stat??? ?a?a?s??s? t?? Capgras

• 30-?????? ??d?a? µet? ap? t???a?? p?ste?e? ?t? ??
  ???e?? t?? e??a? s?s?e?.
• ?p?s??des? t?? pe?????? ??a a?a?????s? ?a? a?t??
  ??a s??a?s??µata.

27
?s?e?e?? µe d?ata?a??? st? s??a?s??µat???
a?t?d?as?

• ?sßest?p???s? ? at??f?a aµ??da???
• ???ß? ? e?t?µ? aµ??da???
• ???ß? µet?p?a??? ??ß??
• ?p?ped? GSR, a??? de? ????? ?a????? s??a?s??µata.

28
S??d??µ? t?? Cotard

• ?s?e??? ?s?????eta? ?t? e??a? pe?aµ????, µ????e?
  s?p?? ???a?, a?s???eta? s???????a st? d??µa t??.
• ?pe?ß????? µ??f? t?? Capgras ?????? ???e???
  s??a?s??µat???? epaf?? µe t?? ??sµ?.

29
???a??sµ?? d?µ??????a? a?aµ??se?? ?a?
a?apa?ast?se?? p??s?p?? p?? d?a?????

• ???e????t?s? µ??µ?? se ?at?????e?.
• ?et? ap? ß??ß? st??? ?pp??aµp???
• ?e? a??e???et???ta? ?? p????f???e? a??? p???a????
  a?s??s? ???e??t?ta?.
• ?e??????ta? ta µeµ???µ??a epe?s?d?a,
  d?µ?????e?ta? as??e?d?t? a?s??s? ?a???.

30
???a??sµ?? t?? pa?a?s??s?? t?? Capgras

• ????? a?s??s? ???e??t?ta? p??s?p??/µ??µ??, ?
  e???fa??? d?µ?????e? ?a??????? a??e?? ???e f???
  a?t? ?a p??s??se? st? a?????.

31
S??d??µ? Fregoli

• ?s?e??? ß??pe? pa?t?? t? ?d?? ?t?µ?.
• ??e??????se? s??d?se?? ap? pe?????? a?a?????s??
  p??s?p?? ? aµ??da??.

32
???a?? ß?s? t?? ?ats?sµ??

• ?eµ???µ??? a???t??? epe?s?d?? µe ?t?µ? p?? a???e?
  se ??p??a ?at?????a d?µ?????e? ??µß??? s??des?
  p?? ?e???e?eta? se ??a ta µ??? t?? ?at?????a?,
  ?a? p?? de d??????eta? µe ???t???? d?e??as?e?

33
????? t?? µ??µ?? st?? a?s??s? t?? ea?t??. ?
?a???a? µa? d?µ?????e? t?? ?st???a t?? ????
t?? µe se??? ap? p??s?p??? epe?s?d?a
a?aµ??se??, a?s??s? p??s?p???? ta?t?t?ta? ?a?
e?t?p?s? e??? e??p???µ???? ea?t?? p??
d?ape???e? ??e? t?? a?aµ??se??.
34
??p??? ea?t??

• ?a?t?? se f?t???af?a e??a? ?????.
• ??a?????s? ea?t?? st?? ?a???ft?.
• ?e? ????? ?estas?? p??? t??? ???e?? µ?? ??at?
  de? e?µa? ? p?a?µat???? ??????.

35
???a??µe?? µ??µ? ?a? a?s??s? t?? ea?t??

• ???µe??t?ta s?et??? µe t? pa??? (eµpe???a
  pe??ß?????t??, s?µat??, ?st??????, a?t?ß????af???
  µ??µ?, epe?s?d?a??, d?ad??ast??? µ??µ?).
• ? e??a??µe?? µ??µ? d?µ?????e? t?? a?s??s? t??
  ta?t?t?t?? µa?.

36
???a??µe?? µ??µ? (Baddely)

1. ?pt???-?????? s?µe??µat????
2. ????st??? s?µe??µat????

• ?e?t?????a t?? e??a??µe??? µ??µ??
• S?????t?s? p????f????? µ???? ?a ???s?µ?p???????
• ??aµes??aße?ta? ap? t? ?a??a?? ?????? ?pt???
  s?st?µa ?a? t? ?????a?? ?pt??? s?st?µa
  a?a?????s?? a?t??e?µ????

37
?p?p??sa?at???sµ??

• O? p???
• t? ?t?µ?
• t? ?????
• t?? t?p?
• t?? s?????e?

38
??af???p???s? e?????? aµ??s?a ?a? afas?a

• ?fas?a
• ?d??aµ?a
• ?ata???s??
• pa?a????? ?µ???a?
• epe?e??as?a? ???st?? ???e??
• a?t?????? ???e?? ?? ???e??

• ?µ??s?a
• ?d??aµ?a
• µ??µ?? ???? ???e??
• a?t?????? t?? s?µas?a? ???e?? µe ????t? a?t?????
  ?t? e??a? ????
• ?ata???s?? µe????? p??t?se?? e?? ?ata??e? t??
  ep?µ????? ???e??
• se?????t?s?? ???e?? st? d?µ??????a p??t?se?? ????
  ap??e?a? e??µ??

39
??af???p???s? e?????? aµ??s?a ?a? a???s?a

• ????s?a
• ?d??aµ?a
• a?a?????s?? s???e???µ???? ???e??? a?t??e?µ???? ??
  e?d??
• ???s?? s????? ?a? p??? ???e??? d?ad??as???
  a?a?????s??

• ?µ??s?a
• ?d??aµ?a
• a?a?????s??, pe????af??, ?at???µas?a?, ???s??
  ???? a?t??e?µ????
• s?????t?s?? p????f????? s?et???? µe s???e???µ??a
  a?t??e?µe?a, µe ????t? a?t????? t?? e?d???
• ????te?? s???? ???s?µ?p????µe?e? ?a?
  ?pe?µa??µ??e? p????f???e?

40
??af???p???s? e?????? aµ??s?a ?a? p??s?pa???s?a

• ???s?pa???s?a
• ?d??aµ?a
• s??des?? t?? a?t?????? p??s?p?? µe t? ???µa ?a?
  ???a st???e?a s?et??? µe t?? ta?t?t?ta t?? at?µ??
• ??a, e??a? µ??µ????? d?ata?a??, ??? a?t???pt???

• ?µ??s?a
• ?d??aµ?a
• a?a?????s??, pe????af??, ?at???µas?a?, ???s??
  ???? a?t??e?µ????
• s?????t?s?? p????f????? s?et???? µe s???e???µ??a
  a?t??e?µe?a, µe ????t? a?t????? t?? e?d???
• ????te?? s???? ???s?µ?p????µe?e? ?a?
  ?pe?µa??µ??e? p????f???e?

41
??af???p???s? e?????? aµ??s?a ?a? ap?a??a

• ?p?a??a
• ?d??aµ?a
• e?t??es?? a?t?µat?p???µ?-??? ????t????
  d?ad??as???
• st? d?ad??as?a se?????t?-s?? a?t?µat?p???µ????
  p???e??
• ap??e?a st?? e?????a e?t??es?? a?t?µat?p???µ?-???,
  ?pe?µa??µ????, ?a? s???? ???s?µ?p????µe???
  a?????????

• ?µ??s?a
• ?d??aµ?a
• e???µ?s?? s???e???µ???? µ? ?pe?µa??µ???? ? µ?
  a?t?µat?p???µ???? p???e??

42
??af???p???s? e??????

• ?µ??s?a
• ßa?µ?? a?t?µat?p???s?? t?? µa??µ???? s????e???,
  s?µpe??f?????? ? eµpe?????? µ???d?? ? a?????????
• ??????? d??st?µa p?? ?p?????? ?? s????e?e?
• d?s????a µe s???e???µ??a pe??stat??? ? e?d?
• ?fas?a, a???s?a ?a? ap?a??a
• ad??aµ?a ???s?? d?ad??as??? ?a? e??????