Cross-Cultural Relations Between Civilian and Military Organizations Melinda Hofstetter

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Cross-Cultural Relations Between Civilian and
MilitaryOrganizationsMelinda Hofstetter Center
for Disaster Management and Humanitarian
Assistance Tulane University Washington, D.C.
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(No Transcript)
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Perception is Reality !
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PERCEPTIONS NGOs HAVE OF THE MILITARY
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PERCEPTIONS NGOs HAVE OF MILITARY ACTIONS

• KILL, WOUND AND MAIM NON-COMBATANTS.

• DESTROY HOMES, CROPS, AND LIVESTOCK.

• DESTROY ESSENTIAL CIVIL INFRASTRUCTURE.

• DISPLACE MASSIVE NUMBERS OF NON-COMBATANTS.

• THREATEN OR PERPETRATE RAPE, TORTURE, GENOCIDE
  AND OTHER GROSS VIOLATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS.

• LEAVE BEHIND QUANTITIES OF BOMBLETS, OTHER UXO,
  MINES, AND DEPLETED URANIUM WHICH CONTINUE TO
  KILL AND MAIM NON-COMBATANTS LONG AFTERTHE
  CONFLICT HAS ENDED.
  
  
  S. ARCHER/ 9/2000

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PERCEPTIONS NGOs HAVE OF MILITARY ACTIONS

• MILITARY HAVE GREATER CAPABILITIES IN
• SECURITY, LOGISTICS, TRANSPORT, HEAVY
• EQUIPMENT, AND COMMUNICATIONS THAN DO
• MOST IOs AND/OR NGOs

• ARRIVAL OF EXTERNAL MILITARY UNITS IN A
• COMPLEX EMERGENCY RESULTS IN INCREASED
• WORLDWIDE MEDIA COVERAGE

• INCREASED MEDIA COVERAGE MEANS
• INCREASED VISIBILITY AND INCREASED
• FUNDING S.ARCHER 9/2000

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PERCEPTIONS THE MILITARY HAVE OF NGOs
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PERCEPTIONS THE MILITARY HAS OF NGO ACTIONS

• WILL NOT TAKE ORDERS FROM MILITARY EVEN IF
  THEIR PERSONAL SECURITY IS AT STAKE.

• WILL BE RESISTENT TO THE CHANGES THE MILITARYS
  ARRIVAL BRINGS.

• WILL NOT BE WILLING TO COLLABORATE WITH THE
  MILITARY.

• CONSTANTLY ASK MILITARY FOR HELP WHEN THEY
  CANNOT COPE ALONE WITH SECURITY, LOGISTICS,
  TRANSPORT, COMMUNICATIONS NEEDS.
• S. ARCHER 9/2000
• 
  

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CAN YOU TELL THE DIFFERENCE ?(AKA other reasons
for cultural antagonism)
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CAN THEY ?
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SOLDIERS DRESSED LIKE THIS BRUTALIZED AND KILLED
THEIR FAMILIES, FRIENDS AND NEIGHBORS.
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THE FUTURE IS HERE ! The U.S. military/NGO
relationship is a fundamental trait of our
present and the era into which we are entering.

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THE FUTURE IS HERE ! Both are mission
driven. Both are synergistic. They shouldnt be
antagonistic. But attitudes can cause them to be
so. Its the perception!!! LTC M.M. Smith, USA

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Cooperation Unity of Effort
Military Efforts
IO/NGO Activities
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NGO Culture Contrasted With Military Culture

• Independent
• Decentralized Authority
• On-The-Job Training
• Few Field Manuals
• Long-term Perspective
• Field Experience

• Highly Disciplined
• Hierarchical Command
• Extensive Branch Training
• Doctrinal Publications
• End-State Approach
• Combat Experience

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• NGO/IO MILITARY
  
• C3A
  C3I
• COOPERATION COMMAND
• COORDINATION CONTROL
• CONSENSUS COMMUNICATIONS
• ASSESSMENT INTELLIGENCE

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Cultural Problems

• Perceptions
• Lack of Compatible Doctrine
• Lack of Common Interests
• Lack of Communication
• Lack of Prior Joint Experience

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IO/NGO Culture

• Independent
• Decentralized authority (?)
• On the job training
• Specific organizational objective

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NGO Pluses

• Ability to single focus
• Synergistic relationship to other NGOs
• Experience and size for quick action
• Impartiality (often problematic)
• Experience in function or region

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NGO Challenges

• Synergism is not always automatic to other NGOs
• Narrow perspective and agenda
• Minimum operational staff
• Fiercely independent
• Need for external support

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Military Culture

• Highly structured and disciplined
• Firm chains of command
• Extensive specialty training
• Policy and guidance are internal and external

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Military Considerations

• Mission Statement and Guidelines
• Principles of Participants
• Application of Peacekeeping Principles

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Military Challenges

• Mandate
• Force Structure
• Rules of Engagement
• National and International Law

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Non-NATO Partners Russia Ukraine UAE
Jordan Lithuania Sweden Finland
Austria Azerbaijan Argentina Morocco
Slovakia Switzerland Georgia
NATO Partners United States UK Germany
France Italy Denmark Spain Poland
Greece Canada Norway Hungary Belgium Turkey Th
e Netherlands Portugal
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IOs and NGOs UN OSCE EU
UNHCR ICTY UNICEF UNMIK-P IMC MSF
WFP OXFAM CARE IRC ICRC
KFOR Structure 43,000 Troops in Kosovo 7,000
Troops in FYROM 5,800 U.S Troops
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Aid Architecture
United Nations Security Council
U.N. Agencies Programs
Donor Nations Organizations
OCHA
Affected Nation
IOs
NGOs
U.N. Military
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Coordination Tools

• Interpreters
• Communications Compatibility
• Common Boundaries
• Functional Meetings
• Co-location of Headquarters

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CIMIC and CMOCIMIC Civil Military
CooperationCMO Civil Military Operations
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CIMIC/CMO is

• Cooperation with the local population
• Cooperation with International Agencies
• Cooperation with relief groups/NGOs

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CIMIC/CMO is Not

• Giving up military authority
• Having IO/NGOs in charge at the tactical level

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THE CIVIL DIMENSION ASSUMES A PRIMARY ROLE IN
HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE OPERATIONS
CIVIL MILITARY OPERATIONS
COMMUNITY GROUPS
UN MISSION
UNHCR
RELIGIOUS GROUPS
ICRC
CARE
UN WHO
UN CIVPOL
MSF
IOM
UN WFP

• CMO ASSUMES A PRIMARY ROLE FOR PEACE AND
  HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE OPERATIONS.

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CIMIC/CMO Tasks

• Liaison With Civil Sector
• Identification of Resources
• Protocol
• Information Exchange
• Support Interoperability
• Unity and Economy of Effort

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CIMIC/CMO Tasks

• Foster Dialog
• Ensure policies and operating procedures are
  understood (multiple levels)
• Coordinate Requests
• Military support (logistics security)
• Integrate efforts
• Numerous contributing (competing?) organizations
  and groups

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Why Conduct CMO/CIMIC?

• CMO is Not New!
• CMO is a Military Requirement
• Support the Commander
• Accomplish the Mission
• Information Source
• Make Life Easier
• Political Reality

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A Civil Dimension exists in all military
operations
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USG
UN/IOs
MOD
Host Nation
NGOs
Religion
Business
Zone of Collaboration/Coordination
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Military U.S. ?
NGO IO PVO
UN Agencies
CMOC
US Govt Agencies
ICRC
HN/Local Populace
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Alphabet Soup
CMCC
CMOC
CIMIC
HACC
HOC
OSOCC
HAC
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Information Sharing

• Open Source Information
• Information versus Intelligence
• Methods of acquiring
• Is this collection?
• Analysis
• Exchange
• Dissemination

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CIMIC/CMO Challenges

• Clash of cultures goals vocabulary
• Lack of knowledge about each other
• Lack of mutual respect
• Lack of comparable doctrine practice
• Asymmetry
• Military has power but is in support
• Civilians in charge but not in control
• Perceptions!!!

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QUESTIONS ?