Evolution Test Review

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Evolution Test Review
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GRAPHS, CHARTS and Diagrams
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DNA ANALYSIS
Organism DNA Codes
FROG ATT GGA GCA GAC TTA
LIZARD ATT GGC ACT AAT CTA
SALAMANDER ATT GGA ACT AAC CTT
AMERICAN TOAD ATC TCT AAC AAC CTT
Used to determine relatedness among species.
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Protein (DNA) Analysis
Organism
Tuna
Mold
Moth
Dog
Horse
Chicken
Monkey
Number of differences in amino acids in Cytochrome C compared to humans
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48
31
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1
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Homologous Structures
Evidence for common ancestry.
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FOSSIL RECORD
Provides evidence of change over time and age of
past organisms.
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EMBROLOGY
Shows evidence of common ancestry.
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CLADOGRAM
A cladogram is a diagram that depicts
evolutionary relationships among groups. It is
based on PHYLOGENY, which is the study of
evolutionary relationships.
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Family Trees
Phylogenetic Trees Order of Evolution of Species
and Relatedness
Cladograms Evolutionary Relationships and
Development of Adaptations
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Bar Graph
This shows how the frequency of alleles for color
have changed in this rabbit population over time.
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Genetic Variation
Mutation Some green genes randomly mutated to
brown genes (although since any particular
mutation is rare, this process alone cannot
account for a big change in allele frequency over
one generation).
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Natural Selection
This is a non-random mechanism of evolution.
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Gene Flow (Migration)

• Migration (or gene flow) The introduction of new
  alleles into a population from another population
  of the same species. This is a random mechanism
  of evolution.

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Genetic Drift
The process of change in the genetic composition
of a population due to chance or random events
rather than by natural selection, resulting in
changes in allele frequencies over time.
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Types of Natural Selection
One of the extremes of a phenotype is the fittest.
The intermediate phenotype is the fittest.
Both of the extremes of a phenotype is the
fittest.
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Speciation
The formation of new species from the evolution
of existing species. Results from reproductive
isolation of two populations.
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Reproductive Isolation Types
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Behavioral Isolation when two populations are
separated by different mating behaviors leads
to speciation
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Geographic Isolation when two populations are
separated by a physical barrier and cannot reach
each other leads to speciation
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Temporal Isolation when two populations mate at
different times leads to speciation
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Lamarck vs. Darwin
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Lamarck vs. Darwin
Darwin would say the wolf with the square snout
will be outcompeted by the round snouted wolf and
die off.
Lamarck would say the wolf can change its snout
shape by willing it to change during its lifetime.
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Practice Questions
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Meaning of Evolution
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Answer - 3
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Mechanisms of Evolution, Patterns of Evolution
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Answer - 1
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Phylogeny Cladograms
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Answer - 2
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Mechanism of Evolution
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Answer - 1
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Natural Selection
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Answer - 4
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Evidence of Evolution

• Comparative embryology, similar DNA sequences,
  and homologous structures are all evidence of
• endosymbiotic theory
• common ancestry
• genetic drift
• artificial selection

Human CCA GGT ATA Chimp CCA GGT ATT Cat CCA
GAG ATC
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Answer - B
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Fossil Record
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Answer - 1
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Complexity of a Eukaryotic Cell
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Answer - 3
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Mechanisms of Evolution Recombination
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Answer - 4
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Natural Selection
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Answer - 2
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(No Transcript)
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Answer - 4
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When a population cannot adapt to changes in
their environment and they all die,
______________ has occurred. a. adaptation b.
natural selection c. genetic drift d. extinction
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Answer - D
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Patterns of Evolution
On the Galapagos Islands, finch species started
on one island, then moved to each island and
evolved separately into new species. This is
known as _______________ a. adaptive radiation b.
genetic drift c. artificial selection d.
extinction
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Answer - A
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Emergence of a new species
When a new population evolves from a previous
population and the two can no longer interbreed,
___________ has occurred. a. genetic drift b.
speciation c. artificial selection d. extinction
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Answer - B
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The diagram documents a famous experiment by
Diane Dodd. Dodd took an initial population of
Drosophila fruit flies and separated them into
two different containers. The first group was fed
food containing mostly starch. The second group
was fed food containing mostly maltose. After
eight generations apart (about four months), the
flies were re-introduced and could not longer
interbreed. They had become two new species.What
is the most likely reason the flies evolved into
two species?

1. At least one of the groups of flies became
   sterile and unable to lay eggs.
2. The two flies were really separate species to
   begin with, but it went unnoticed.
3. The two different food sources introduced many
   new DNA mutations very quickly and the flies
   changed drastically.
4. Separation with different food sources gave an
   advantage to mutant flies that could only digest
   starch or digest maltose. They survived and the
   species changed in these directions.

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Answer - D