Animal Science as Agriculture

1
Animal Science as Agriculture
2
Science is

• the study or theoretical explanation of natural
  phenomena.
• During this time of study we are investigating
  the laws of nature, her principles and reasons

3
Agriculture

• Oldest and most important of all sciences

4
Without an understanding of agriculture

• all humans would be struggling for survival

5
Most of our comforts come as a direct result of
science.

• shelter
• food
• clothing

6
Early people ate fruits, nuts and other seeds.

• They were migratory hunters
• The idea of domestication came about and people
  began to settle down

7
People began to pay close attention to details

• and from these details
• drew conclusions on where to locate and harvest
  their food.

8
Progressive scientific research

• in the U.S. began in the mid 1800s at
  universities.
• The universities were only teaching the
  classics such as Latin and Greek, History, Math
  and Philosophy

9
Soon they realized

• that they should include more practical hands on
  subject areas in their curriculum.

10
1862 Senator Morrill from Vermont

• pushed for a bill through the U.S. Congress that
  would provide public land and funds for colleges
  that would teach practical methods of
  manufacturing and food production

11
The bill was signed by President Lincoln

• and the Land Grant or Morrill Act was passed
  into law.

12
1862

• A bill was passed which started the USDA
• United States Department of Agriculture

13
1872 - Hatch Act

• With the growing interest in agriculture, the
  government decided to put the new ideas for
  agricultural practices to work.This act set up
  the Experiment Stations run by the universities

14
Hatch Act

• This act set up the Experiment Stations run by
  the universities

15
1914 - Smith Lever

• Set up Cooperative Extension Service
• (Extension Agent, 4-H)

16
Land Grant System

• composed of universities, experiment stations,
  and cooperative extension service.

17
Land Grant System

• Universities conduct the research, methods tested
  at experiment stations, brought to public by
  extension.

18
1917- Smith Hughes

• established funding for vocational agriculture
  education programs in high schools.

19
Scientific Method

• systematic method of gaining knowledge through
  experimentation
• assures that results did not occur just by chance
  and that something actually did cause the change.

20
The Scientific Method

• Recognize a Problem
• Develop a Hypothesis
• Do an experiment
• Collect the Data
• Analyze Data
• Draw a conclusion

21
and

• make a recommendation

22
Identify the problem to be solved

• an idea of the cause may already be present

23
form a hypothesis

• an educated guess
• this is a guess of what causes or might be
  causing the problem

24
conduct the experiment

• experiment should test the hypothesis

25
Two groups to every experiment

• control - is constant in everything except the
  thing being tested

26
experiment -

• contains everything that the control group does,
  but also contains the variable being tested

27
Two types of research

• basic - looks at why or how processes occur in
  animals
• applied - uses the discoveries made in basic
  research to help in a practical manner.

28
Where Search Has Led Us

• Agriculture, beside medicine, is the application
  of almost all the research and knowledge
  associated with plants and animals

29
basic research

• has benefited us the most by allowing us to
  produce high quality protein food very efficiently

30
Research

• Here is a list of achievements accomplished since
  1925
• better control of parasites and diseases and an
  end product that is higher is protein

31
productivity and efficiency

• of all species has increasedbroilers are ready
  for market in 7.5 weeks after only 2lbs of feed
  and it used to take 4lbs of feed and 15 weeks

32
Research

• The countries in North and Central America,
  Europe, Australia and New Zealand have only
  29.9of the worlds cattle yet produce nearly 68
  of the worlds beef and veal

33
these are also the countries

• in which nearly all of the scientific knowledge
  about the growing of these animals has been
  discovered

34
Milestones

• That Revolutionized Agriculture
• 1. Animal immunization
• late 1800s disease began to devastate all types
  of animals
• Louis Pasteur developed first method of
  vaccinating animals to develop immunity
  (1870-80s)

35
serum developed

• to fight anthrax from the blood of sheep that had
  survived a bout with the disease

36
serum tested in two groups

• group 1 - infected with the serum and later
  infected with anthrax

37
group 2

• infected with just anthraxgroup 1 lived and
• group 2 died

38
Vaccines for other diseases

• Using Pasteurs guidelines other scientists
  developed vaccines for other diseases

39
animals raised in

• a disease free environment can be raised more
  efficiently and at a much lower cost

40
2. Refrigeration

• there was a huge need for meat preservation
• meat would spoil quickly
• in the winter meat would freeze solid until the
  spring

41
meat preservative methods

• salt
• drying
• keeping meat in a cool steam

42
Problems

• Problems with this was that meat was less
  palatable and these methods were very time
  consuming

43
today

• we have freezers and refrigerators which utilize
  chemicals and compressors to condition the air
  and keep it cool

44
first attempt

• of meat cooling was done with huge blocks of ice
  being hung from the ceilings of dark rooms

45
Refrigerated box cars

• were developed a few years later

46
Artificial insemination

• advancements in animals produced are achieved
  through the transfer of superior genes from
  parent to the offspring

47
A.I. Was developed

• in the 1930s and allowed for greater and more
  controllable transfer of genes from superior
  sires

48
A.I. Is widely available

• this is most prevalent in dairy animals

49
4. Embryo transfer

• allows for genes of superior dams to be more
  widely used

50
combining ET and AI

• allows producers to make rapid gains in the
  quality of their herds in short amounts of time
  at relatively low cost

51
5. Use of computers

• first computer was developed in the 1940s and
  became an integral part of agriculture in the
  1980s
• as research moves more swiftly computers allow us
  to analyze information in seconds instead of
  weeks

52
And

• allows us to do simulated experiments plus
  numerous other things
• ag uses
• progeny records
• production records
• accounting records
• feed records
• much more

53
Animals Effect on Everyday Life

• lives of humans have been greatly enhanced
  through pharmaceuticals developed from animal
  by-products
• many routinely prescribed drugs are derived from
  animals

54
cortisone

• was originally made from the gall bladder of cows
  and

55
And

• can be made synthetically
• insulin comes from the pancreas of pigs (best
  match) also now made synthetically
• many hormones used in treating humans

56
Effects on Everyday Life

• animal parts can be used as replacements for
  humans

57
heart valves

• have been used for about twenty years from pigs
  in humans

58
pig skin

• is used in treating burn patients (laid over the
  burnt area until new skin grows naturally

59
Effects on Everyday Life

• the rest of the world can not come close to
  competing with the US agriculture

60
our research

• combined with the free enterprise system has made
  us 1 in the world in agricultural production