Introduction to Animal Science

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Introduction to Animal Science
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Competency 1.00

• Investigate agriculture animals in order to build
  a foundational knowledge for advanced animal
  science studies

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ANIMAL DOMESTICATION

• Adapting animal behavior to fit the needs of
  people.

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REASONS FOR DOMESTICATION

• To ensure a steadier supply of food and clothing
• Companionship
• Assist in labor

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RESULTS OF DOMESTICATION

• Less dependence on hunting and wild plants for
  food
• A surer source of food and clothing
• A more settled way of life
• Selective breeding

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WHAT IS SELECTIVE BREEDING?

• Selecting animals with certain desirable
  characteristics to use for breeding purposes

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ORIGIN OF CATTLE

• Bos taurus- European cattle
• Bos indicus- Humped cattle from tropical
  countries.
• India
• First brought to the U.S. by Columbus

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Cattle
Bos taurus
Bos indicus
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ORIGIN OF CATTLE

• Major growth of large herds in great plains
  states because of grazing.
• Midwest and north central states became the main
  area for finishing cattle because of grain.

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US Cattle
Finishing
Grazing
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ORIGIN OF SWINE

• Sus scrofa and Sus vittatus.
• Chinese were first to tame pigs
• Brought to new world by Columbus
• DeSoto took hogs westward
• Midwestern cornbelt states became largest hog
  producing area

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Swine
Sus scrofa
Sus vittatus
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ORIGIN OF SHEEP

• One of the first animals tamed by humans
• Brought to new world by Columbus
• Used by colonists mainly for wool
• Northeast and Western states are main sheep
  producing areas

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Sheep
4000 BC
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ORIGIN OF GOATS

• Pasang and Grecian Ibex- Wild goats found in Asia
  Minor
• Goats brought to new world for milk and hair

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Goats
Western Asia
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ORIGIN OF HORSES

• Evolved from Eohippus
• First tamed in Asia or Persia
• Brought to new world by Columbus
• Horses were left behind by explorers
• Brought to new world for work animals

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Horses
Asia and Persia
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ORIGIN OF POULTRY

• Gallus gallus- Wild jungle fowl, ancestor of tame
  chickens
• Turkeys were probably tamed by people originally
  living in America

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Poultry
Egypt
India and China
North America
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Objective

• 1.01
• Define terms used to identify animals by sex,
  age, physical traits in the beef, swine, and
  poultry industry

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Terms

• Cattle Swine Poultry
• Not castrated Bull Boar Rooster
• Castrated (young) Steer Barrow Capon
• Castrated (old) Stag Stag
• Young female Heifer Guilt
• That has not given birth
• Older female Cow Sow
• That has given birth
• Baby Calf Pig Chick

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Objective

• 1.02
• Identify the major breeds of beef, swine, and
  poultry

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Angus
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Beef Breeds

• Angus
• Black
• Polled
• Originated in Scotland
• It is the most registered purebred
• High in carcass quality

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Hereford
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Beef Breeds

• Hereford
• Red and White face
• Horns
• Originated in England
• Docile
• Gentle temperament
• Good foragers
• Efficient converters of forage crops

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Charolais
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Charolais
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Beef Breeds

• Charolais
• White to light straw colored
• Naturally Horned
• Breeding-up has created polled animals
• Large framed
• Originated in France

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Brahman
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Brahman
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Beef Breeds

• Brahman
• Light Gray to Black or Red
• Originated in India
• Pronounced hump
• Loose Dewlap
• Insect tolerant
• Disease tolerant

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Polled Hereford
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Polled Hereford

• Developed from the horned Hereford breed
• Originated in 1901
• Warren Gammon
• Des Moines, Iowa

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Limousin
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Limousin

• Native to the
  south central part of France
• Golden-red cattle

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Beefmaster (Bull)
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Beefmaster

• Developed from
• Brahman
• Hereford
• Shorthorn
• Developed by Ed Lasater in 1908

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Shorthorn
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Texas Longhorn
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Chianina (pronounced kee-a-nee-na)
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Dairy Breeds
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Holstein
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Dairy Breeds

• Holstein
• 90 of the dairy cattle in the US
• Black and white
• Leading producer of milk
• Produce about 18,000 lbs. Of milk per cow per year

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Jersey
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Guernsey
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Other Dairy Breeds

• Jersey
• Cream to light fawn to almost black
• Number one in milk fat
• Guernsey
• Fawn and white
• Ayrshire
• Cherry red and white
• Brown Swiss
• Solid brown

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Ayrshire
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Brown Swiss
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Identifying Breeds of Swine
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American Landrace

• White
• Long Body
• Big loped forward ears
• Large litters
• Good mothering ability
• Originated in Denmark

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American Landrace
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Duroc

• Red
• Drooped ears
• Good growth rate
• Excellent feed conversion

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Duroc
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Hampshire

• Black with a white belt
• Erect ears
• Good muscle
• Carcass leanness

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Hampshire
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Yorkshire

• White
• Erect ears
• Large litters
• Good feed efficiency
• Excellent growth and mothering ability
• Long carcass

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Yorkshire
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Poland China

• Drooped ears
• Black and white
• Sound in its feet and legs

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Poland China
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Chester White

• Chester County, Pennsylvania
• Intermingled English breeds

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Chester White
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Tamworth

• English breed
• Ireland
• Bacon-type

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Tamworth
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Berkshire

• Black and white
• Erect ears
• Fast and efficient growth
• Reproductive efficiency
• Cleanness
• Meatiness

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Berkshire
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Spotted Swine

• Popular with farmers and commercial swine
  producers for their ability to transmit their
  fast-gaining, feed efficient, meat qualities to
  their offspring

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Spotted Swine
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Assignment

• Read pages 239 to 268 in the Livestock and
  Companion Animals textbook
• Answer the following questions and turn in on
  notebook paper

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Assignment (p. 239-248)

1. What is a new breed of pig that looks like the
   Hereford Cattle Breed?
2. Explain what a hybrid hog is.
3. What is the current consumer trend in swine type?
4. How many piglets are produced on average at each
   birth?
5. How do you accurately measure backfat?

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Total Confinement
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Farrowing Crate
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Identifying Breeds of Poultry
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Breeds, Varieties, Types Classes

• Breed- group of related fowl that breed true for
  a specific trait
• Type- purpose for which it is breed (meat or egg
  type)
• Classes- geographic origin (Mediterranean,
  American, English and Asiatic)

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Egg Producers

• Layers- chickens that produce eggs
• White egg producers- small in size
• White Leghorns- white plumage
• Brown egg producers- larger birds that are not as
  economical as Leghorns
• Rhode Island Reds- dark red plumage
• New Hampshires- red plumage
• Plymouth Rocks- white plumage

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White Leghorns
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Barred Rock
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Rhode Island Red
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Layer Cages
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Meat Producers

• Chickens used for meat production are called
  Broilers
• Birds used for meat production are usually
  commercial crosses
• Example White Plymouth Rock females mated to
  Cornish (English class) males

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Confinement Broiler House
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Confinement Broiler House
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Turkeys

• Broad Breasted White
• White plumage
• Shanks, feet, and beak is white to pink
• White pinfeathers
• Increases the value of the carcass
• Can survive better in hotter climates
• Good body confirmation but smaller than other
  breeds

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Broad Breasted White
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Turkeys

• Broad Breasted Bronze
• Black plumage
• Dark colored pinfeathers
• Largest of the turkey varieties
• Poor fertility and reproductive problems
• Males are not good breeders

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Broad Breasted Bronze
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Turkeys

• Beltsville Small Whites
• Developed by the USDA
• Similar to the Broad Breasted Whites
• Averages about 10 lbs. less in mature body weight

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Beltsville Small Whites
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Commercial Livestock

• Used in the livestock and poultry industry
• Crosses of more than one breed or strain of
  breeds
• Adds in genetic diversity
• Livestock have more desired traits
• Undesirable traits can be lessened
• Used by most producers

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Livestock External Anatomy
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Objective

• 1.03
• Recognize the major parts of cattle, swine and
  poultry

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Cattle Parts
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Cattle Parts
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Cattle Parts

• In your notebook draw a diagram of a beef cow
  labeling 20 different parts including the 11 red
  stars in the class diagram

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Cattle Parts
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Swine Parts

• In your notebook draw a diagram of a swine
  labeling 15 different parts including red stars
  in the class diagram

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Swine Parts
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Poultry Parts
Diagram a chicken in your notes labeling these
parts (use the diagram in your textbook for help)

• comb
• wattles
• beak
• eye ring
• ear lobe
• vent
• hock

toes breast back abdomen body shank
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Poultry Parts
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External Parts

• Anatomy
• The science of body structure
• Modified skin
• horns
• hooves
• feathers
• fur
• wool
• hair

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Selective Breeding

• Only the best animals are chosen as breeding
  stock
• Confirmation
• Breed character
• Structural soundness of feet and legs
• Body capacity

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Structural Soundness
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Structural Soundness
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Structural Soundness
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Structural Soundness
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Competency 2.00

• Recognize the benefits and importance of
  agricultural animals

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Objective

• Breeds 2.01
• State the importance of livestock products and
  by-products

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Livestock Products

• Work in groups of three and write down as many
  animals products and by-products as you can.
• You have 10 min. to complete this task!

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Livestock Products

• 1. Food
• meat, milk, cheese, eggs
• 2. Clothing
• wool, leather from hides
• 3. Shelter
• tents from hides
• 4. Power
• work in less developed countries

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Livestock Products

• 5. Recreation
• horse back riding, rodeos
• 6. Fuel
• burn dry animal manure
• 7. Animals are converters
• eat stuff humans will not eat and convert these
  materials into food
• meat, eggs, milk, etc.

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Which of the following was not made from animals
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Answer!
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By-Products

• 1. Wool
• 2. Leather
• 3. Candy and chewing gum from animal fat
• 4. Gelatin - from horns, hooves, bones, and hides
  
• 5. Glue, cosmetics, waxes, soap, lubricants,
  brushes, etc.

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Wool
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By-Products

• 6. Animal feeds from scrap meat and bones and
  blood meal
• 7. Insulin
• for diabetics
• from livestock pancreas

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By-Products

• 8. Heparin
• for blood clotting
• from livestock lungs
• 9. Candles
• 10. Fertilizer

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Trends in Animal Science
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Objective

• 2.02
• Describe the economic importance and trends for
  each major classes of livestock and poultry
  produced in North Carolina

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Swine
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Trends in NC Swine

• The top agriculture commodity in North Carolina
• found mostly in the eastern 1/2 of the state
• North Carolina ranks 2nd nationally
• Iowa is 1st

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Trends in NC Swine

• The swine industry brings in over 1.5 billion
  dollars to the state
• The number of swine farms is decreasing
• The size of farms is increasing

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Poultry
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Trends in NC Poultry

• Broilers are Cleveland Countys top agriculture
  commodity
• Broilers are NCs second rank commodity
• Broilers bring in over 1.3 billion dollars in
  cash receipts to NC agriculture

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Trends in NC Poultry

• Recent health concerns has increased the
  consumption of poultry products
• less fat
• subcutaneous fat layer

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Animal Agriculture

• North Carolina livestock commodities brings in
  twice as much money as other agriculture products

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Livestock, Dairy and Poultry Cash
Receipts from Farm Marketing, 2001
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Cleveland County Livestock Rank Within State,
(2002 estimates)

• Hogs- 61st (1,500) (4,100 in 2004)
• Cattle- 7th (23,500)
• Beef Cattle 6th
• Milk Cattle 23rd (800)
• Broilers- 23rd (7,200,000)
• All chickens- 30th

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Statistics

• Charts and statistics provided by
• NCDA
• http//www.ncagr.com/stats/index.htm
• USDA
• http//www.usda.gov/nass/