Indians on the Warpath

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Indians on the Warpath

• Part 2 The Last Frontier
• (1860 1890)

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The Beginning of the End

• 1851 Fort Laramie treaty opens the Oregon trail
  and allows the US to build forts in the West.
• 1858 1861 Colorado gold rush.
• April 3, 1860 First postal connection between
  St. Joseph Missouri and Sacramento, California
• June 1860 US census reports population of
  31,443,000 people (slaves not counted)
• Oct. 1861 St. Louis, Mo and St. Francisco, Ca
  are connected by telegraph.
• 1862 US Congress passed the Homestead Act and
  the Pacific Railway Act land grants.
• July 10, 1862 Beginning of Central Pacific Rail
  line.

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Pony Express
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John Gast, American Progress, 1872
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The Long Walk of the Navaho

• 1860 Battles of Fort Defiance two attacks of
  the Navaho led by chiefs Manuelito and Barboncito
  over dispute about pastures.
• Feb. 1861 Treaty of Ft. Wingate. Peace
  re-established.
• Sep. 12, 1861 Massacre of Ft. Wingate.
• Sep. 1862 Gen. Carleton orders troops to kill
  all men on the spot and take prisoner only women
  and children. Dec. 1862 he meets with Navaho
  chiefs in Santa Fe and orders them to move to a
  reservation. They refuse. He gives them an
  ultimatum to surrender by July 20, 1863.
• July 25, 1863 Kit Carson attacks the livestock
  of the Navaho and burns their fields. Scorched
  Earth.
• Jan. 1864 Carson traps most Navaho at Canyon de
  Chelly. They surrender. He burns village,
  destroys 5000 peach trees. Tribe marched to
  internment camp at Bosque Redondo, NM. 400 Apache
  are also there. Annual cost of camp 1.5 mil.
  For 10,000 people
• 1866 Manuelito surrenders with the rest of the
  tribe.
• June 1,1868 Treaty of Bosque Redondo. Navaho
  return on a reservation in their homeland in AZ.
  3.5 mil acres, 10 years annuity and education
  commitment.

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The End of the Santee

• 1858 Minnesota becomes a state. Treaty with the
  Dakota Santee provides a reservation of 3000 sq
  miles pay annuity. US Senate deleted Article
  3 (pay) but never informed the Santee.
• Aug. 1862 Annuity payments are delayed due to
  the Civil War. Andrew Myrick, leader of the
  traders refuse to sell to Santee on credit. Let
  them eat shit. Little Crow attacks with 500 man
  and takes food. Andrew Myrick is killed first.
  Little Crow wins several battles and attacks
  forts and settlements.
• Sep. 1862 Lincoln sends gen. Pope against
  Little Crow. Battle of Wood Lake Little Crow to
  Fort Garry, Canada. 2000 Santee surrender at Camp
  Release. 1700 spent winter at Fort Snelling.
• Dec. 1862 303 Santee sentenced to death by
  military tribunals. Lincoln commuted 264
  sentences, 39 were executed on Dec. 26.
• July 3, 1863 Little Crow killed by a farmer for
  500 bounty in MN. US Congress declared treaties
  null and void.
• 1863-64 USA wins 6 battles. Relocates remaining
  1300 Santee to Crow Creek, SD. By spring of 1864
  less than 1000 remain alive.

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War Comes to the Cheyenne

• 1851 Fort Laramie treaty guaranteed the
  Cheyenne the land in Colorado, parts of Wyoming,
  Nebraska and Kansas.
• 1858-59 Colorado Gold Rush begins.
• 1861 Fort Wise treaty reduced the area of
  Cheyenne to 1/30 of its size. Many refused to
  comply.
• Nov. 29, 1864 Sand Creek Massacre Col.
  Chivington attacked the reserve of Black Kettle
  with 700 men. Killed almost 200 women and
  children while men were hunting.
• Jan. 7, 1865 1000 Cheyenne, Arapaho and Dakota
  retaliate at Julesburg, defeat the army and burn
  the town
• Oct. 1865 Treaty of Lower Arkansas - Black
  Kettle moved to Washita River. Northern Cheyenne
  moved with the Dakota.
• Oct. 21, 1867 - Medicine Lodge Treaty Southern
  Cheyenne, Arapaho, Comanche, Kiowa, and
  Kiowa-Apache move to Oklahoma
• Nov. 27, 1868 - Massacre at Washita River. Col.
  Custer attacks the camp of Black Kettle killing
  over 100, including Black Kettle.

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1867

• Nebraska becomes the 37th state.
• Union Pacific Railway enters Wyoming.
• USA purchased Alaska for 7.2 million.
• A. Johnson is charged with treason.
• Indian Peace Commission established
• Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek with the Plains
  Tribes
• Canada becomes a Dominion.
• First ship sails through the Suez canal.
• France leaves Mexico, emperor executed.
• J.S.Mill proposed suffrage for women before
  British Parliament. He lost the vote.
• Alfred Nobel invented dynamite.
• Karl Marx published The Capital Vol. 1

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The War of Red Cloud

• July 1865 Battle of North Platt river Lakota
  and Cheyenne cut off travel on the Oregon trail
  and Bozeman trail.
• 1865 Powder river expedition - 1 mil. Gen.
  Connor built Fort Connor, later renamed to Fort
  Reno, Wyoming. Destroyed the village of Arapaho
  chief Black Bear on Tongue River. Forced to
  retreat to Fort Laramie.
• 1866 Montana gold rush begins. Gov t supports
  it by building two more forts on the Bozeman
  trail Fort Phil Kearney and Fort F. C. Smith.
  Negotiations with Red Cloud in Fort Laramie no
  result. Red Cloud siege gen. Carrington at Ft.
  Phil Kearney and Crazy Horse trapped and
  destroyed 81 soldiers under Cap. Fetterman.
• Frostbite and scurvy kill half of soldiers at
  during winter. Warriors destroy the rail lines.
  Wagon Box Fight (1867).
• Treaty of Ft. Laramie, 1868. 3 forts abandoned,
  created Great Sioux reservation, incl. Black
  Hills and all Wyoming and S Montana.
• 1870 Red Clouds trip to Washington, DC.

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The Railroads
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Promontory Point, Utah, May 10, 1869
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Settlement of the West (1870-1890)
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Homesteads from public land
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New tanning process 1870 and Destruction of the
Buffalo 3.7 million killed from 1872 to 1874
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The war to save the buffalo
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Quanah Parker and the Comanche

• Son of Chief Pete Nocona and Cynthia Ann Parker.
• After 2 outbreaks of small pox and 1 of dysentery
  Comanche tribe reduced from over 20 000 to less
  than 8 000 by 1850.
• Nov. 25,1864 First Battle of Adobe Walls
  Kiowa and Comanche under Chiefs Tohausan, Santana
  and Satank repealed attack by Kit Carson and
  retained control of Comancheria.
• By the end of 1865 they pushed back Texas
  settlement by 100 miles
• 1866 US army reduced to 75 000 after the end of
  the Civil war, 8000 of them in Texas for
  Reconstruction, under W. T. Sherman.
• Oct. 21, 1867 most South plains tribes sign
  the Medicine Lodge Treaty and move to reservation
  near Fort Sill, Indian Territory. They exchange
  200 mil acres for 2.9 mil acres promise of
  assistance. 1/3 of the Comanche under Quanah
  didnt sign.
• By June 30, 1869 only 916 Comanche remained on
  the reservation.

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Mackenzie takes control

• 1871 Ranald S. Mackenzie given command of the
  4th Cavalry. Oct. 10 defeated at Blanco Canyon
  by Quanah.
• 1871 commercial hunters enter the plains Tom
  Nixon killed 3200 in 30 days, Buffalo Bill Cody
  killed 4280 in a year, Brick Bond killed 250 in a
  day, employed 15 skinners. 1 hide sold for 3.50.
  
• Sep. 29, 1872 Mackenzie attacks and destroys by
  surprise Comanche camp of Shaking Hand on the
  North Fork of Red River.
• Winter of 1873/74 Free Comanche starve without
  buffalo.
• June 27, 1874 - Second Battle of Adobe Walls
  Quanah with 250 warriors battles a camp of
  professional hunters without success.
• July 26, 1874 President Grant placed
  reservations under military.
• Sep 28, 1874 - Battle of Palo Duro Canyon
  Mackenzie killed 1400 horses, burned lodges and
  supplies. Most Comanche surrender.
• 1875 - Mackenzie appointed commander of Fort
  Sill. Feb., March, May Last Kiowa, Cheyenne and
  Comanche (Quanah) surrender.

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The Black Hills War

• Summer of 1871 Ely Parker forced to resign as
  Commissioner of Indian Affairs. USA altered the
  Treaty of Ft. Laramie.
• 1872 - Yellowstone is designated as a National
  park.
• 1873 Panic of 1873 USA in recession.
• 1874 G. A. Custer leads an expedition of 1000
  to examine Black Hills. News of gold are
  confirmed and a rush begins.
• May 1875 Red Cloud and Spotted Tail lead a
  delegation to Washington, meet with Grant, ask
  for USA to restrain miners. They are offered 25
  000 for the Black Hills relocation. They
  refuse.
• Nov. 1875 Grant orders gen. Sheridan, Crook,
  Terry and Gibbon to invade the Grand Sioux
  reservation from 4 directions after the deadline
  for surrender Jan. 31, 1876.
• Feb. 8, 1876 Gen. Sheridan starts the largest
  Indian war in history.
• June 17 Crazy Horse wins at Rosebud against
  Crook.

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Little Big Horn and beyond

• June 25, 1876 Col. Custer, the 7th cavalry
  auxiliary forces of Major Reno and Cap. Benteen
  are annihilated by Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse and
  Gall.
• Sep. 1876 Crook reached Fort Robinson and
  retired.
• Oct. 1876 Gen N. Miles and R. Mackenzie join
  the campaign.
• Nov. 1876 Mackenzie Defeats Dull Knife, sends
  Northern Cheyenne to Fort Sill reservation. Red
  Cloud arrested.
• Jan. 1877 Miles fights Crazy Horse at Wolf
  Mountain.
• May 1877 Crazy Horse surrenders, Gall and
  Sitting Bull in Canada
• Sep. 5, 1877 Crazy Horse killed by a soldier
  while under arrest.
• Fall of 1878 Northern Cheyenne Exodus end at
  Ft. Robinson.
• Jan. 1879 Ft. Robinson Massacre, few Cheyenne
  left alive.
• 1880 Gall returned from Canada and send to
  reservation.
• July 1881 Sitting Bull surrendered at Ft.
  Buford.

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Last resistance

• 1871 Camp Grant Massacre restarts the Apache
  wars.
• 1871-74 Apache chief Cochise fights Gen. Crook
  with some success
• 1872-73 Modoc war in California, tribe sent to
  Indian territory.
• 1875 following the death of Cochise most Apache
  sent to San Carlos, NM reservation or cross the
  border into Mexico.
• 1877 Nez Perce War Chief Joseph 1200 miles
  trek to Canada. Surrounded at Bear Paw Mountain,
  40 miles from the border they fight for 5 days
  and surrender. 400 survivors sent to prison camp
  in Ft. Leavenworth, KS. In 1879 relocated to
  Indian territory.
• 1879-1880 Victorios war (Apache) in New
  Mexico.
• 1880-1881 Nana continues Victorios war after
  his death.
• 1881-1886 Geronimo leads the Apache in a
  guerilla war.
• 1890-91 Ghost dance war. Sitting Bull murdered,
  Massacre at Wounded Knee (Dec. 29, 1890, Spotted
  Elk).

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I shall fight no more, forever Chief Joseph Jr.
of Nez Perce
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Reservation life
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Dawes Act 1887, amended 1891, 1898 and 1906

• 1. Each Indian family head be allotted a 160 acre
  farm out of reservation lands. Single adults or
  orphans will get 80 acres.
• 2. The plots would be held in trust by the
  Government for 25 years
• 3. Eligible Indians had four years to select
  their land afterwards the selection would be
  made for them by the Secretary of the Interior.
• 4. Each new land owner who abandoned tribal
  practices and adopted the "habits of civilized
  life" would be granted American citizenship. This
  is a policy of assimilation into American
  society.
• 5. "Surplus" reservation lands would be made
  available to sell.
• The Dawes Act, while well intentioned, did not
  benefit the Indians. The lands they were assigned
  were poor and the concept of "Americanization"
  led to a destruction of Indian culture and the
  destruction of the traditional status of Indian
  women in tribal life. Finally, as a result of the
  "surplus" land provision the Indians lost 90
  million out of 140 million acres of reservation
  land.
• 1924 - Snyder Indian Citizenship Act - Granted
  American citizenship to all Indians born in the
  United States. This applied to about 1/3 of the
  Indian populations as the others had already
  applied for citizenship.

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The aftermath

• 1877 - President Rutherford B. Hayes in a message
  to Congress said, "Many, if not most of our
  Indian wars have had their origin in broken
  promises and acts of injustice on our part."
• In 1881 Helen Hunt Jackson further helped awaken
  white Americans to their shameful treatment of
  the Indians through her book A Century of
  Dishonour.
• Manifest Destiny, Social Darwinism and the White
  Mans Burden concepts used to attempt to justify
  the treatment of native Americans.
• Some chiefs benefited from the new system and
  became relatively wealthy ranchers or earned
  income by appearances on Wild West Shows, writing
  memoirs or posing for photographs with tourists.
• Most Native Americans remained in deep poverty,
  several tribes became extinct.