Introductory Paragraph

1
Cause and Effect Paragraphs
2
WHAT IS A CAUSE? WHAT IS AN EFFECT?

• Cause and effect depend on each other. You cant
  have one without the other. A plane crashed. That
  is the effect. What are the possible causes? Was
  it a mechanical or human error? Was it due to the
  weather? Obviously there are many possible
  causes.
• Cause and Effect writing analyzes why something
  happens.
• Some effects are caused by multiple causes.
• Some causes, in turn, can result in multiple
  effects.

3

• Writers use Cause/Effect writing to explain why
  something happens and/or the results of an event.
• Cause and Effect writing typically uses the
  following questions
• "What are the causes of X?"
• "What led to X?"
• "Why did X happen?"
• "Why does X happen?"
• "What would be the effects of X?"

4
Activity 1 Identify the causes or effects in
each of the following sentences

• A very cold weather will make people stay
  in-doors.
• Economic growth creates many jobs which in turn
  make many families live in better conditions.
• According to experts, new agricultural methods
  will help solve many problems.
• Necessity is the mother of invention.
• As a result of his injury, he could no longer
  play tennis.
• The government spends a lot of money to provide
  food for the needy.
• I had a cold, so I did not go to class.
• I did not go to class because I had a cold.
• Higher prices are often the result of an increase
  in consumption.
• Bad roads conditions caused the car accident.

5
Signal Words
Cause and Effect Degrees of Certainty Levels of Importance
As a result Certainly Above all,
Because May Equally important,
Consequently Necessarily Most importantly,
Due to Perhaps First,
If then Possibly Initially,
Leads to Probably Last,
Therefore Undoubtedly Primarily,
Thus Unquestionably Second,
As a consequence Undeniably Finally,
6
Examples

• The weather was cold therefore, Sally closed the
  window.
• Sally put on her coat because the weather was
  cold.
• The weather was cold. Consequently, Sally put on
  her scarf.
• A storm hit the town. As a result, the schools
  were closed.
• The schools were closed because the storm hit the
  
• Do these two
• He saw starving children ______________he helped.
• He helped _______________ he saw starving
  children.

7
Activity 2 Join the following sentences using so
and because

• I am too busy. I dont exercise.
• We played badly. We lost the match.
• I failed the test. I didnt study.
• My alarm oclock didnt work. I was late for the
  meeting.
• I am shy. I do not have many friends.
• I wont visit my friend. Im tired.
• I lost my friends book. I was careless.
• I am not going out. I have to take an exam.
• The film was boring. I left early.
• I was too tired to write it again. It was very
  late.

8

• Many species of wildlife are becoming extinct,
  __________ the rainforests are being destroyed.
     
• therefore
•  since    
• so    
• consequently

9

• 2- __________ logging provides jobs and profits,
  the government is reluctant to control it.
• So
• Consequently
• Due to
• Because

10

• 3. Since July 4th is a holiday, ______ have to go
  to work.
• so we do not
• we do not
• as a result, we do not
• thus, we do not

11

• 4. Yousef went back to Saudi Arabia _______ to
  take care of some business in his company.
• and he needed
• because he needed
• which he needed
• because he need

12

• 5. _________, the temperature should begin
  dropping.
• Now that the sun setting
• Now that the sun set
• The sun setting
• Now that the sun has set

13

• 6. __________ any fish yet, he is going to change
  the bait he is using.
• Because Ali has not catched
• Ali has not caught
• Because Ali has not caught
• Because Ali had not caught

14
Activity 2 Complete following sent. Make sure
you include a transition signal

1. We turned on the heat __________________________.
2. __________________________ when I fell off my
   bike.
3. Because I helped my mother, _____________________.
   
4. ____________________it was a very cold day
   yesterday.
5. Huda spilled some milk on the floor
   ________________.
6. She was very tired last night ____________________
   __.
7. Adam forgot to come to class early today
   ____________.
8. Our teacher was surprised ________________________
   .
9. ______________________, the football team was
   angry.
10. When the cat is away, ___________________________.
    

15
Steps in Writing a Cause/Effect Paragraph?

• STEP 1
• Decide whether you want to examine the cause or
  effect.
• STEP 2
• Examine each cause and effect thoroughly, using
  sufficient evidence to prove your points.
• You should support all causes or effects with
• Good examples
• Definition
• Description
• Narration, and/or
• Comparison

16
Causal Patterns

• Effect Cause
• Cause Effect
• Chain reasoning
• (Cause Effect Effect)

17
Effect Cause

• Bad road infrastructure
• Careless driving
• Lack of law enforcement

• Car accidents

18
Cause Effect

• Climatic changes
• Danger to coastal regions
• Change in weather patterns.

• Greenhouse emissions

19
Chain reasoning

• Greenhouse emissions

• Global warming
• Negative effects on natural resources
• Changes to agriculture
• Endangerment to species

20
Multiple causes effect

• Nowadays smoking has increased in
  many different ways because of several causes.
• A lot of free time
• Surrounded by smokers
• Big Advertisements
• In Conclusion, smoking is a very bad
  phenomenon and the government must enforce laws
  that eliminate it.

Topic Sentence
Supporting Points
Concluding Sentence
21
Multiple causes effect

• Topic Sentence
• Watching too much TV has many effects on the
  physiology and psychology of people.
• I. Eating disorders
• A. TV meals
• B. obesity
• II. Communication problems
• A. more violence
• B. No social interaction

22

• Some students fail in their study
• 1. _____________________________________________
  _
• 1.1 _________________________________________
• 1.2 _________________________________________
• 2. ______________________________________________
  
• 2.1 _________________________________________
• 2.2 _________________________________________
• 3. ______________________________________________
  
• 3.1 _________________________________________
• 3.2 _________________________________________

23

• There are several possible reasons why my father
  is in excellent health, even though he is over
  seventy years of age. First, he is in excellent
  condition because he has stopped smoking
  cigarettes. He quit smoking cigarettes since
  whenever he climbed stairs, he would quickly stop
  several times and cough loudly. He also has good
  health as a result of stopping eating the wrong
  kinds of foods. For example, whereas before he
  would eat fatty red meat and deep-fried dishes
  several times a week. Nowadays he seldom does so.
  He is also in good physical shape, for he
  exercises a lot. He swims three times a week at
  the local gym, and on sunny days he prefers to
  walk home rather than take the bus. In
  conclusion, my father is in better shape than
  some of his children are!

24
Activity 4 Complete the following paragraph
providing reasons and examples

• The rise of the internet has had profound
  effects on our daily lives. First, email is now
  is very familiar to us. For instance, many of us
  can communicate with their friends, relatives and
  colleagues using emails. Moreover, many of us now
  turn to webpages rather than to newspapers or TV
  for the latest news, sports scores or stock
  quotes. In addition, ___________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________. In conclusion, it is great to live in
  the age of the internet because of the great
  benefits it has had on our daily lives.

25

• The negative effects of unemployment on society.