CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM (CNAP)

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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM (CNAP) SEMESTER
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Introduction to Networking
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MODULE 1
Introduction to Networking
Objective

• Upon completion of this module, students will be
  able to perform tasks related to the following
• Connecting to the Internet
• Network Math

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Requirements for Internet Connection

• Physical Connection
• The physical connection is used to transfer
  signals between PCs within the local network and
  to remote devices on the Internet
• Logical connection
• The logical connection use a standard called
  protocols or a set of protocols like TCP/IP
• Application that interpret the data and display
  the information
• Applications work with protocols to send and
  receive data across the Internet such as web
  browser, File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and etc.

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Introduction to Networking
PC Basics

• PC subsystems
• Motherboard CD-ROM Drive, CPU, Floppy Disk Drive,
  Hard Disk Drive, RAM, ROM, Expansion Slot, Power
  Supply
• Backplane Components
• Backplane, Network Interface Card (NIC), Video
  Card, Audio Card, Parallel Port, Serial Port,
  Mouse Port, Power Cord

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NIC and Modem Installation

• Connectivity to the internet requires an adapter
  card which may be NIC or Modem
  (Modulator-demodulator)

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Overview of high-speed and dial-up connectivity

• In early 1960s, modems were introduced to provide
  connectivity for dumb terminals to a centrally
  based computer
• In 1970s, BBS (Bulletin Board Systems) allowed
  users to connect and post or read messages on a
  discussion board
• In 1980s, the transfer of files and graphics
  became desirable
• In 1990s, modem speed increased up to 56 kbps
• In 2000, high-speed services such as DSL (Digital
  Subscriber Line) and Cable Modem became desirable
  

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TCP/IP

• TCP/IP is a set of protocols or rules developed
  to allow computers to share resources
• TCP/IP can be configured using the operating
  system tools

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Testing Connectivity

• By using Ping command which is a utility used
  to verify the connectivity
• Ping is used to test NIC transmit/receive
  function, TCP/IP configuration and network
  connectivity

• Ping command works by sending multiple IP packets
  to the specified destination and waiting for the
  packet replies
• The following examples describe the types of ping
  tests that are commonly used in a network
• ping 127.0.0.1 - called an internal loopback
  test.
• ping IP address of host computer - verifies
  connectivity to the host.
• ping default-gateway IP address - verifies
  whether the router that connects the local
  network to other networks can be reached.
• ping remote destination IP address - verifies
  connectivity to a remote host

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Testing Connectivity
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Binary Presentation of Data

• Computers work with and store data using
  electronic switches that are either ON or OFF
• ON state represents bit 1 and OFF state
  represents bit 0
• The American Standard Code for Information
  Interchange (ASCII) is the most commonly used
  code for representing alpha-numeric data in a
  computer

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Bits Bytes
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Base 10 number system

• Base 10 or decimal number uses the 10 symbols 0,
  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9
• The decimal number system is based on powers of
  10
• Each column position of a value, from right to
  left, is multiplied by the
  number 10
• Example 2134 (2x103) (1x102) (3x101)
  (4x100)

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Base 2 number system

• Base 2 or binary number uses the 2 symbols 0 and
  1
• The binary number system is based on powers of 2
• Example 101102
• (1 x 24 16) (0 x 23 0) (1 x 22 4) (1
  x 21 2) (0 x 20 0) 22

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Base 16 number system

• Base 16 or Hexadecimal (hex) number use 16
  symbols 0-9, A, B, C, D, E and F
• Hex can be used to represent binary numbers in a
  more readable form
• For example, 0010000100000010 in binary equals
  2102 in hex. The word hexadecimal is often
  abbreviated 0x when used with a value as shown
  with the above number 0x2102
• all possible combinations of four binary digits
  have only one hexadecimal symbol

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Decimal, Binary and Hexadecimal
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Converting decimal numbers to 8-bit binary number
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Converting decimal numbers to 8-bit binary numbers

• Use the example below to convert the decimal
  number 168 to a binary number
• 128 fits into 168. So the left most bit in the
  binary number is a 1. 168 - 128 leaves
  40.
• 64 does not fit into 40. So the second bit in
  from the left is a 0.
• 32 fits into 40. So the third bit in from the
  left is a 1. 40 - 32 leaves 8.
• 16 does not fit into 8 so the fourth bit in from
  the left is a 0.
• 8 fits into 8. So the fifth bit in from the left
  is a 1. 8 - 8 leaves 0. So, the remaining bits to
  the right are all 0.
• Result Decimal 168 10101000

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Converting 8-bit binary numbers to decimal numbers
Example Convert the binary number 01110000 to a
decimal number. 0 x 20 0 0 x 21 0 0 x
22 0 0 x 23 0 1 x 24 16 1 x 25
32 1 x 26 64 0 x 27 0112
Right Left

• Note Work from right to left. Remember that
  anything raised to the 0 power is 1. Therefore 20
  1

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Binary Number and Hexadecimal Number Conversion
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Four-octet dotted decimal representation of
32-bit binary numbers

• Addresses assigned to computers on the Internet
  are 32-bit binary numbers
• Make it easier to work by breaking 32-bit binary
  numbers into a series of decimal numbers
• To do this, split the binary number into four
  groups of eight binary digits
• Then convert each group of eight bits, also known
  as an octet into its decimal equivalent

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Boolean or Binary Logic (NOT)

• If x is 1 then f is 0 otherwise f is 1

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Boolean or Binary Logic (AND)
If x is 1 and y is 1 then f is 1 otherwise f is 0
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Boolean or Binary Logic (OR)
If x is 1 or y is 1 then f is 1 otherwise f is 0
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IP Address Network Mask
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IP Addresses Network Masks

• The 32-bit binary addresses used on the Internet
  are referred to as Internet Protocol (IP)
  addresses
• The subnet mask is a guide that indicates how the
  IP address should be interpreted by identifying
  how many of the bits are used to identify the
  network of the computer
• A subnet mask will always be all 1s until the
  network address is identified and then be all 0s
  from there to the right most bit of the mask
• The bits in the subnet mask that are 0 identify
  the computer or host on that network
• Example
• 11111111000000000000000000000000 written in
  dotted decimal as 255.0.0.0
• or
• 11111111111111110000000000000000 written in
  dotted decimal as 255.255.0.0

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Summary

• Three requirements for an Internet connection are
  physical connection, a logical connection, and
  interpreting application
• Computer recognize and process data using a
  binary numbering system
• The number system used most frequently is the
  decimal number system
• The hexadecimal number system is used when
  working with computers because it can be used to
  represent binary numbers in a more readable form