CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM (CNAP)

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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM (CNAP) SEMESTER
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Networking Media
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Introduction to Networking
Objectives

• Upon completion of this module, students will be
  able to perform tasks related to the following
• Copper Media
• Optical Media
• Wireless Media

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Introduction to Networking
Copper Media
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Atoms Electrons

• All matter compose of atom which is comprised of
• Electrons particles with a negative charge that
  orbit the nucleus
• Nucleus the center part of the atom composed of
  protons and neutrons

• Protons particles with a positive charge
• Neutrons particles with no charge

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Voltage

• Voltage is sometimes referred to as electromotive
  force (EMF)
• EMF is related to an electrical force, or
  pressure, that occurs when electrons and protons
  are separated
• Voltage is represented by the letter V, and
  sometimes by the letter E for electromotive force
• The unit of measurement for voltage is volt (V)
• Two kinds of voltage exits
• Direct Current (DC) Voltage - the movement of
  electrons are always in the same direction from
  negative to positive
• Alternating Current (AC) Voltage - the movement
  of electrons are changed or alternated with
  respect to time

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Resistance Impedance

• Resistance is the property of a material that
  resists electron movement referring to DC
  circuits.
• The resistance to the movement of electrons in an
  AC circuit called Impedance
• The unit of measurement for resistance (R) is the
  ohm
• The Materials that offer very little, or no,
  resistance, to the flow current are called
  conductors
• The materials that do not allow the current to
  flow, or severely restrict its flow, are called
  insulators

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Current

• Electrical current is the flow of charges created
  when electrons move.
• When voltage, or electrical pressure, is applied
  and there is a path for the current, electrons
  move from the negative terminal along the path to
  the positive terminal.
• The letter I represents current.
• The unit of measurement for current is Ampere
  (Amp).
• Amp is defined as the number of charges per
  second that pass by a point along a path.

• Current can be thought of as the amount or volume
  of electron traffic that is flowing, then voltage
  can be thought of as the speed of the electron
  traffic.

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Wattage

• Wattage is the combination of amperage (quantity
  of electrons past a given point) and voltage
  (pressure or speed of electrons)
• Wattage equals voltage times amperage (W V x I)
• Watt or wattage is the unit used for defining how
  much power electrical devices consume or produce

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Circuits

• Current flows in closed loops called circuits.
• These circuits must be composed of conducting
  materials, and must have sources of voltage.
• Voltage causes current to flow, while resistance
  and impedance oppose it.
• Current consists of electrons flowing away from
  negative terminals and towards positive terminals
• Electricity will naturally flow to the earth if
  there is a path.
• Current also flows along the path of least
  resistance.
• The ground or zero volts provides a conducting
  path for the electrons to flow to the earth
  because the resistance traveling through the body
  would be greater than the resistance flowing
  directly to the ground

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Circuits
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Cable Specification

• Some examples of Ethernet specifications which
  relate to cable type include
• 10BASE-T refers to the speed of transmission at
  10 Mbps. The type of transmission is baseband.
  The T stands for twisted pair
• 10BASE5 refers to the speed of transmission at 10
  Mbps. The type of transmission is baseband. The 5
  represents the capability of the cable to allow
  the signal to travel for approximately 500
  meters. 10BASE5 is often referred to as Thicknet.
  
• 10BASE2 refers to the speed of transmission at 10
  Mbps. The type of transmission is baseband. The
  2, in 10BASE2, represents the capability of the
  cable to allow the signal to travel for
  approximately 200 meters. 10BASE2 is often
  referred to as Thinnet.

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Coaxial Cable
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Shielded Twisted-Pair Cable
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Screened Twisted Pair (ScTP) Cable
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Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable
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Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable
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Introduction to Networking
Optical Media
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The Electromagnetic Spectrum

• The light used in optical fiber networks is one
  type of electromagnetic energy
• The other types of electromagnetic energy are
  radio, microwaves, radar, x-rays and gamma rays
• The energy in the form of waves can travel
  through a vacuum, the air, and through some
  materials like glass
• An important property of any energy wave is
  wavelength.

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Ray Model of Light
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Reflection
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Refraction
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Total Internal Reflection
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Total Internal Reflection
n index of refraction n2 gt n1 for total
internal reflection
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Parts of Fiber Optic Cable
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Parts of Fiber Optic Cable

• Core - is the light transmission element at the
  center of the optical fiber
• Cladding - Light rays traveling through the fiber
  core reflect off this core-to-cladding interface
  as they move through the fiber by total internal
  reflection
• Buffer - helps shield the core and cladding from
  damage
• Loose tube cable - for outside building
  installation
• Tight-buffer cable - is used inside building
• Strength Material - preventing the fiber cable
  from being stretched when installers pull it. The
  material used is often Kevlar
• Jacket- protect the fiber against abrasion,
  solvents, and other contaminants.
• The color of the outer jacket of multimode fiber
  is usually orange, but occasionally another color

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Fiber Optic Cable (Multimode Single mode)
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Other Optical Components

• Transmitter - converts the electronic signals
  into their equivalent light pulses, there are two
  types of light sources
• Light Emitting Diode (LED) - producing infrared
  light with wavelengths of either 850nm or 1310
  nm, used with multimode fiber in LANs
• Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission
  Radiation (Laser) - a light source producing a
  thin beam of intense infrared light usually with
  wavelengths of 1310nm or 1550 nm, used with
  single-mode fiber
• Receiver - detects light pulse and converts to
  electrical signal
• Connector - attached to the fiber ends so that
  the fibers can be connected to the ports on the
  transmitter and receiver
• Repeater - optical amplifiers
• Fiber Patch panel - similar to the patch panel
  used with copper cable

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Transmission Devices
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Fiber Optic Connector
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Signal Noise in Fiber Optic Cable

• Scattering - Caused by microscopic non-uniformity
  (distortions) in the fiber that reflects and
  scatters some of the light energy
• Absorption - When a light ray strikes some types
  of chemical impurities in a fiber, the impurities
  absorb part of the energy.
• Manufacturing irregularities or roughness in the
  core-to-cladding boundary, power is lost from the
  light signal because of the less than perfect
  total internal reflection in that rough area of
  the fiber.
• Dispersion of a light flash also limits
  transmission distances on a fiber. Dispersion is
  the technical term for the spreading of pulses of
  light as they travel down the fiber.

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Scattering
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Bending
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Fiber End Face Finishes
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Splicing
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Introduction to Networking
Wireless Media
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WLAN Authentication Association

• IEEE is the prime issuer of standards for
  wireless networks
• 802.11 - operating within a 1 to 2 Mbps range
• 802.11b - transmission capability up to 11 Mbps
• 802.11a - data rate up to 54 Mbps, incompatible
  with 802.11b
• 802.11g - data rate up to 54 Mbps, interoperate
  with 802.11b

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Internal Wireless NIC
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PCMCIA NIC for Laptop
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External USB Wireless NIC
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Access Point
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Wireless LAN Devices
Access Point (AP)
Wireless node
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IEEE 802.3 Frame Type
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Adaptive Rate Selection
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Wireless LAN Standards

• Authentication - there are 2 types of
  authentication processes
• open system - this is an open connectivity
  standard in which only the Service Set Identifier
  (SSID) must match
• shared key - requires the use of Wired Equivalent
  Privacy (WEP) encryption. WEP is a fairly simple
  algorithm using 64 and 128 bit keys.
• Association - performed after authentication, is
  the state that permits a client to use the
  services of the AP to transfer data

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Radio wave Microwave Spectrum

• Transmitter (Tx) - modulate the electrical signal
  with the carrier frequency and transmit through
  the air, there are 3 types of modulation
• Amplitude Modulation (AM)
• Frequency Modulation (FM)
• Phase Modulation (PM)

• Receiver (Rx) - demodulate the carrier signal
  that arrives from its antenna