Years of Crisis

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Years of Crisis

• Chapter 15
• 1919-1939

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I. Post-War Uncertainty

• After Word War I
• Many people were uncertain of the future
• Also a time of great invention, creativity and
  new ideas that transformed society

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Changes in Science and Literature

• Science
• Albert Einstein offered radically different
  views in the field of physics
• Sigmund Freud new ideas about the mind
• Literature
• Suffering caused by WWI leads many people to
  doubt old beliefs
• Uneasiness of postwar years
• No universal meaning of life

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Revolution in the Arts

• Traditional Art Changes
• Introduction to cubism and surrealism
• Cubism natural shapes into geometric forms
• Surrealism links dreams with real life
• Music
• Introduction to Jazz

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Pablo Picasso Cubism
Guernica
Three Musicians
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Salvador Dali Surrealism
Geopoliticus Child
The Persistence of Memory
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Salvador Dali Painting - Dream Caused by the
Flight of a Bumble bee around a Pomegranate a
Second Before Awakening
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The Role of Women

• Womens Rights Movement
• Women win the right to vote
• US, UK, Germany, and others
• Adopt freer clothing and hair styles
• Bobbed hair
• Began to smoke in public
• More career opportunities as well
• Medicine, education, and journalism

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Technology Improves Life

• The Automobile
• Cars improve and become cheaper
• Development of suburbs and travel for pleasure
• Airplanes
• Long-distance air travel available to the rich
• Amelia Earhart first women to fly solo across
  the Atlantic Ocean (1932)
• Radio and Movies
• Broadcast news, entertainment, etc.
• Created a sense of community and collective art

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Amelia Earhart
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II. World Wide Depression

• Post-war Germany
• New government was the Weimar Republic
• It was a coalition government
• Temporary, multi-party alliance
• Had serious weaknesses
• Inflation due to reparations
• Signs the Kellogg-Briand Pact with France
• Pledging no more war

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The Stock Market Crash

• Post-war United States
• Economy booms in the 1920s
• Wealth is distributed unevenly
• Factories cut back on production and workers
• Farmers produce too much food and cannot pay
  mortgages
• Stocks bought on credit (now illegal)
• Investors sell stock lowers the price
• October 29, 1929 Market collapses as prices
  fall very low

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Post-War England France

• Great Britain
• Coalition governments
• Avoid political extremes
• Slow and steady economic recovery
• France
• Establishes a self-sufficient economy
• Preserves democracy despite problems

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III. Fascism Rises in Europe

• What is Fascism?
• Describes any authoritarian government that is
  not communist
• Basic Fundamentals of Fascism
• Rooted in extreme nationalism
• Glorified action, violence, and discipline
• Blind loyalty to the state
• Glorified warfare as a necessary and noble
  struggle for survival

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What is Fascism? (Cont)

• Fascism can be described as totalitarian rule
• Single party dictatorship
• State control of the economy
• Use of police, spies terror to enforce the will
  of the state
• Strict censorship government monopoly of the
  media
• Use of schools the media to indoctrinate
  mobilize citizens
• Unquestioning obedience to a single leader

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Why did it appeal to Italians?

• Promised a strong stable government
• End to political feuding
• Sense of power and confidence at a time of
  disorder and despair

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Fascism vs. Communism

• Fascists were sworn enemies of socialists and
  communists
• Communists had hopes for international change
• Fascists pursued nationalist goals

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Fascism in Italy

• Italys democratic government seemed helpless
  after WWI
• Plagued by many problems
• Politician Benito Mussolini promised to rescue
  Italy
• Promised strong leadership
• King Victor Emmanuel III put Mussolini in charge
  in 1922

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BenitoMussolini
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Fascism in Italy

• Mussolini as Il Duce
• Abolished democracy and political parties
• Took control of the economy
• Workers were forbidden to strike
• Government became a corporate state
• Fascist Party controlled industry, agriculture
  transportation

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Fascism in Germany

• German government had many problems
• Very weak coalitions
• Many small parties
• Blamed republic for Versailles Treaty
• Inflation was out of control
• Great Depression in Germany led to the rise of
  the National Socialist German Workers' Party
• The Nazi Party

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Ideas of the Nazi Party

• Stressed the failures of
• Communism
• Democracy
• Stressed the "racial purity of the German people
• Used the Jews as scapegoats

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The Nazi Party

• Adolf Hitler was an excellent organizer and
  speaker
• Allowing him to gain power in the Nazi Party
• Allowing him to gain popularity with the German
  people

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Rise of the Nazi Party in Germany
Federal election results
Date Votes of vote Seats in  Reichstag Background
May 1924 1,918,300 6.5 32 Hitler in prison
December 1924 907,300 3.0 14 Hitler is released from prison
May 1928 810,100 2.6 12  
September 1930 6,409,600 18.3 107 After the financial crisis
July 1932 13,745,800 37.4 230
November 1932 11,737,000 33.1 196
March 1933 17,277,000 43.9 288 After Hitler had become Chancellor
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Nazi Political Propaganda
"We demand freedom and bread"
The people are voting for list 1, the Nazis, at
the Reichstag election.
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The Rise of Hitler

• Hitler and the Nazis planned to overthrow the
  government in 1923
• Arrested and put in jail for less than one year
• In jail, he wrote Mein Kampf
• It became a handbook for Nazism
• Discussed racial purity
• Declared the need for more German living space
• Lebensraum

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Hitler Becomes Chancellor

• Conservative members of the Nazi Party urged
  President Paul von Hindenburg to name Hitler
  chancellor in 1933
• Thought they would
• be able to control him

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Hitler Becomes Chancellor

• Once in power, Hitler quickly established a
  totalitarian regime
• Used the Gestapo secret police
• Use the SS elite protection squad
• Used propaganda

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Nazi Propaganda
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Hitler Achieves Totalitarianism

• Hitler gains control by
• Targeting young people
• Hitler Youth programs
• Numerous speeches
• Limits the roles of women
• Launched large scale public works programs
• Helps the economy
• Began to rearm the German military
• Controlled all mass media and educational
  institutions

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Hitlers Campaign Against the Jews

• Hitler used the Jews as a scapegoat for Germanys
  problems
• Led to a huge wave of anti-Semitism
• Laws were passed to limit Jews rights beginning
  in 1933

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Hitlers Campaign Against the Jews

• Kristallnacht Night of the Broken Glass
• November 9th, 1938
• Nazi-led mobs attacked Jewish stores, synagogues,
  and communities

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Jewish Emigration in Germany
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IV. Aggressors Invade Nations

• Japanese Aggression
• Japan seeks to solve its economic problems thru
  foreign expansion
• Takes over Manchuria, China in 1931
• League of Nations protests
• Japan withdraws from the League
• Japan invades the rest of China in 1937

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Aggressors Invade Nations

• Italian Aggression
• Mussolini invades Ethiopia in 1935
• Ethiopian Leader Haile Salassie appeals to the
  League of Nations
• League of Nations does not stop aggression

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Aggressors Invade Nations

• Civil War in Spain
• General Francisco Franco leads a rebellion in
  1936
• Receives aid from Hitler and Mussolini
• Wins the war in 1939 becomes Fascist leader
• Leads to the massacre at Guernica

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Guernica
http//www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/guernica/gl
evel_1/1_bombing.html
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Aggressors Invade Nations

• German Aggression
• Hitler plans to expand the Third Reich German
  Empire
• Hitler begins a series of steps that would lead
  to war
• Built German military against the Versailles
  Treaty
• People of Germany hated the Treaty
• The West gave into his demands appeasement
  giving in to demands to keep peace

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Why Appeasement?

• Many nations did not want another World War
• Many thought Communism was the bigger threat
• Great Depression sapped energy of western
  democracies
• US neutrality acts the average American agrees
  with Isolationism

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Steps Towards War

• 1936-German troops in the Rhineland
• 1936-Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis (Axis Powers)
• Agreed to
• Fight communism
• Not interfere with each others expansion
• 1938-Invasion of Austria
• 1938-Invasion of Sudetenland area of
  Czechoslovakia
• Munich Pact Hitler promises no further expansion

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Nazis in the Rhineland
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Steps Towards War

• 1939Hitler takes the rest of Czechoslovakia
• 1939-Hitler demands port city of Danzig from
  Poland
• 1939-The Nazi Soviet Pact
• Hitler Stalin agree
• Not to fight each other
• Split up Poland

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The Beginning of World War II

• 1939- Germans invade Poland (9/1)
• Britain France declare war on Germany
• Promised to protect Poland
• World War II Begins

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THE END