?e??a

1
?e??aµat???? ?p?de??e?? ??a t?? ep?ta????µe??
d?ast??? t?? S?µpa?t??

• ?a???? ???st??
• 09108616
• ?p?ß??p?? ?a????t?? ?e?a???? ????a?d???

2
?e??e??µe?a

• ??sa????
• Big Bang Model
• ?a?at???se?? Supernovae
• ??a?a???e?? Dark Energy
• S?µpe??sµata

3
??sa????

• 1916 ? Einstein d?µ?s?e?e? t?? Ge???? Te???a
  t?? S?et???t?ta?. ??se?? e??s?se?? ped???
  Einstein ?s?t??p??? ?a? ?µ??e??? S?µpa?.
• 1927 ? Lemaitre de???e? t?? s??s?
  ap?stas??-µetat?p?s?? p??? t? e????? (redshift).
• 1929 ? Edwin Hubble a?a?a??pte? p?? t? S?µpa?
  d?ast???eta?. (B?se?? ??a t? Te???a t?? Big Bang)

4

• 1965 ?? Arno Penzias ?a? Robert Wilson
  a?a?a??pt??? (t??a?a) t?? ???????µat???
  ??t???ß???a ?p?ß????? (CMB) 2.7 K
  ?p?µe????? t?? Big Bang.

5

• 1980 ? Alan Guth p??te??e? t? ???????st???
  ???t??? (Inflation), t? ?p??? d??e? ??se?? st?
  ???ß??µa ??????ta ?a? ep?ped?t?ta?.
• 1990 ? d???f???? COBE de???e? p?? t? CMB e??a?
  ??a ?s?t??p??? µ??a? s?µa.
• 1998 ?? Adam Riess, Saul Perlmutter ?a? Brian
  Schmidt pa???s?asa? ap?de??e?? ?t? ? d?ast??? t??
  S?µpa?t?? ep?ta???eta?!

6
Big Bang Model
7
?as??? st???e?a µ??t????

• ?? S?µpa? p?????eta? ap? ??a a????? s?µe??, t?
  ?p??? ??p?te pe??e??e ??? t?? t?? ???/e????e?a,
  t? ?p??? e??a? ape???e????sta µ???? ?a? ?pe??? se
  p????t?ta (Singularity).
• ? ?????a t?? S?µpa?t?? µet?????e (d???f????
  WMAP 2009) sta 13.75 0.11 d?se?at?µµ???a
  ?????a.
• ?a p??ta de?te???epta µet? t? Big Bang, st?
  S?µpa? ep???at??sa? ?e?µ???as?e? t?? t???? t??
  d?se?at?µµ????? ßa?µ?? Kelvin (e?at??t?de? f????
  ? ?e?µ???as?a st?? p????a t?? ?????).

8
?????????a t?? Big Bang

• 10-43s ??e? ?? a????ep?d??se?? (?/?, ?s????,
  ?s?e???, ?a??t?ta) e??a? ??a (ad?a????ste?).
• 10-32s ???????sµ??
• 10-12s e?? 10s ?p??? t?? Quarks ?d?????? -
  ?ept?????
• 3-20min ?????e?s???es?
• 380,000 ?????a S??µat?sµ?? at?µ?? ?d??????? ?a?
  ?????
• 300 e?at. - 1 d?se?at. ?????a S??µat?sµ?? t??
  p??t?? ast???? ?a? ?a?a???? ???? ßa??t????
  ?at???e?s??
• 9 d?se?at. ?????a ???a?? S?st?µa
• 13.75 d?se?at. ?????a S?µe?a

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10
Fa???µe?? Doppler

• ? a??a?? st? s????t?ta e??? ??µat?? ?ta? ?p???e?
  s?et??? ????s? µeta?? pa?at???t?-p???? (p.?.
  ????)
• - ?p?µ?????s? ????s? ? ?e??s? f
• - ???s????s? ?e??s? ? ????s? f
• ?? ?d?? s?µßa??e? ?a? µe t? f??
• - ?p?µ?????s? ?e??s? f ?etat?p?s? p??? t?
  ??????? (redshift)
• - ???s????s? ????s? f ?etat?p?s? p??? t? µp?e
  (blueshift)

11

• ?? ??aµµ?? ap????f?s?? st? ?pt???
• f?sµa, ??a d??f??a st???e?a µa??????
• ?a?a???? (de???) se s?????s? µe a?t??
• st?? ???? (a??ste??), de?????? µetat?p?s?
• p??? t? e????? (redshift).

12

• ?? 1929, ? Edwin Hubble, pa?at???se t??
  f?te???t?ta ?a? t? redshift d??f???? ?aµp???
  ast???? ?a? d?ap?st?se p??, ?s? p?? µa????
  ß??s?eta? ??a ?st??, t?s? p?? ??????a
  ap?µa????eta? ap? eµ??. ?ts?, a?a?????se p?? t?
  S?µpa? d?ast???eta?.
• ? sta?e?? p?? µa? d??e? t? d?ast??? t??
  S?µpa?t??, ???µ??eta? sta?e?? Hubble (Ho) ?a?
  e??a? ? t?µ? a?a????a? µeta?? ta??t?ta?
  ap?µ?????s?? (v) ?a? ap?stas?? (d) µeta?? d??
  s?µe??? st? S?µpa?
• v Hod
• ? Ho µet?????e ta te?e?ta?a ?????a
• Ho 70.41.4 ( km/Mpcs
  )
• 
  (2009 te?e?ta?a µ?t??s?)
• 1 Megaparsec 3.1x 1013km
• ?? 1998, ?? ep?st?µ??e? p??sp???sa? ?a µe?et?s???
  t? µ??f? t?? d?ast????, pa?at????ta? µa?????
  Supernovae.

13
Supernova
14
? ???at?? t?? ?st???

• (?) S????? ?st?a (?????)
• - S??µat????ta? ap? ??f? s????? ?a? ae????
• - ???????? S??t??? µetat??p? ?d??????? se ????
  ??a 10 d?se?at?µµ???a ?????a (???a 5.5 ??a t??
  ????)
• - ??????? G??a?ta? e?at??t?de? f???? t? µ??e???
  t??, µetat??p? ????? se ????a?a ??a 100 e?at?µ.
  ?????a
• - ?at???e?s? t? ???? e?a?t?e?ta? ?a? t? ?st??
  ?ata???e?, ape?e??e?????ta? ta e??te???? st??µata
  (?ef???µa)
• - ?e???? ????? µ??a ?st??? µ??e??? µ?????
  p?a??t?

15
S????? ?st?a
16

• (?) ?e??st?a ?st?a (10 ?????)
• - ??µ????????ta? ?p?? ?a? ta s????? ?st?a
• - St? t???? t?? ???? t??? µetat??p??ta? se
  ???????? ?pe????a?te? µet? t? ???? µetat??p???
  ????a?a se ??????? ?a? ???a ßa??te?a st???e?a
• - ?at???e?s? ? ??????? ?pe????a?ta? ?ata???e?
  se ??a ?st??a ?et?????? ape?e??e?????ta? ta
  e??te???? st??µata µe µ?a ß?a?? ?????? (Type II
  Supernova).

17

• Type Ia Supernova
• - ?? e????e?? t?? ?e???? ????? µe µ??a 1.4
  f???? t? µ??a t?? ?????
• - S?????? p???????ta? ap? ??ad????? ?st??e?
• - ? ??a? ap? t??? d?? d?ad????? ast??e? ft??e?
  st? f?s? t?? ???????? G??a?ta, ?ata???e? se ?e???
  ????, ? ?p???? a????e? ?a ap????f? t? d?p?a??
  ?st??.
• - ?at???e?s? ?e???? ????? ?? ap???t????
  d???µe?? µeta?? ??e?t?????? ?????? t? µ???
  e?a?t??? t?? ßa??t?ta? ?a? ?ata???e?
• - Supernova ?at? t?? ?at???e?s? ? p???????
  e????e?a st? es?te???? a?af???eta? se µ?a ß?a??
  p??????? ??????, 10-100 f???? p?? ?s???? ap? a?t?
  t?? Type II Supernovae.

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20

• - Type Ia Supernova ?a ?ata?????te?a ??a
  pa?at???s?, ???? t?? f?te???t?t?? t???.
• - ?? te?e?ta?? st?? Ga?a??a µa? s???ß? t? 1006,
  ?a? ?ta? pa?at???s?µ? ?at? t?? ?µ??a d?? ??µ???
  ?f?a?µ?? (p??? sp???a).
• - 1995, d?? e?e???t???? ?µ?de? ep?st?µ???? ??a
  t?? µe??t? t??? High-Z SN Search ?a? Supernova
  Cosmology Project.
• - ???es??p?a p?? ???s?µ?p??????a?
• Cerro Tololo's Blanco 4m
  Canada-France-Hawaii 3.5m

21

• - Dudley DoRight ??a ?ype 1a Supernova, t?
  ?p??? pa?at??????e t?? ??t?ß??? t?? 1999.
• ?p?stas? 9 d?se?at. ?t? f?t??

22
?et???ta? t?? sta?e??? t?? S?µpa?t??

• ?a??? t? S?µpa? d?ast???eta?, ? ßa??t?ta
  ep?ß?ad??e? t? d?ast??? µe t?? p???d? t?? ??????.
  ?a?at????ta? se µe???e? ap?st?se??, ???t?µe p?s?
  st? ?????. ?et???ta? t?? ta??t?ta d?ast???? st?
  pa?e???? ?a? st? pa???, µp????µe ?a d??µe t?
  s??????? ßa??t??? ep?d?as? ???? t?? ???? st?
  S?µpa?. ?p?????? 3 ????a??a se????a ??a t? µ?????
  t?? S?µpa?t??
• (a)?? ?p???e? a??et? ???, t? S?µpa? ?a p??pe? ?a
  e??e d?asta?e? p??? p?? ??????a st? pa?e????, ?a?
  ??t?te ?a e??e ep?ß?ad???e? p???. ??s? p??? ?ts?
  ?ste t? S?µpa? ?a staµat??se te???? t?? d?ast???
  t??, ?a ?????e ?a s????????eta?, ?a? te???? ?a
  ?at????e se ??a gnaB giB (t? a?t?st??f? t?? Big
  Bang) ? a????? Big Crunch (µe???? S???????).
• (ß)? p?s?t?ta t?? ???? e??a? t?s?, ?ste ?
  ta??t?ta d?ast???? ?a e??a? sta?e?? ?a? t? S?µpa?
  d?ast???eta? µe t?? ?d?? ???µ? ??a p??ta.
• (?)? ??? de? e??a? a??et?, ?a? ?ts? ? d?ast???
  e??a? ep?ta????µe?? (Big Chill).

23

• ? ap?stas? a??µesa se d?? ?a?a??e? ?? s????t?s?
  t?? ??????. ???t??ta? p??? t? µ?????, ß??p??µe
  ?t? ?? ?a?a??e? ap?µa??????ta?, e?t?? e?? ?
  ßa??t?ta staµat?se? t? d?ast???. ?? t? S?µpa?
  d?ast???eta? µe t?? ?d?? ???µ?, ?a a???????se? t?
  d?a?e??µµ??? ??t???? ??aµµ?. ???? a? ep?ß?ad??e?
  µe t?? p???d? t?? ??????, t? s?µpa? a????e? ?a
  ?ata???e? st?? ea?t? t??. ?? ? d?ast???
  ep?ta???eta?, ?a s??e??se? ?a t? ???e? µe s??e???
  a??a??µe?? ???µ?.

24

• Robert Frost (1920)
• Some say the world will end in fire.
• Some say in ice...

25

• ?p?te??sµata ?et??se??
• ?ed?µ??a t?? s??pe???ßa ???µ?? d?ast????
  f(ta??t?ta). ?a s?µe?a de? de?????? ?t? t? S?µpa?
  ep?ß?ad??e? a??et? ??a ?a ????µe µ?a gnaB GiB.
  ?p?p????, ??? µ??? t? S?µpa? de? d?ast???eta?
  ep?ß?ad???µe?a, de?????? ?t? t? S?µpa?
  ep?ta???eta?!

26

• ?p?stas? pa?at???s?? f(Redshift)
• ?? µet??se??-pa?at???se??, de?????? p?? µe
  sta?e?? a???s? st?? ap?stas? pa?at???s??, ?
  µetat?p?s? p??? t? ??????? ap??a??pte? p?? t?
  S?µpa? ep?ta???eta? (µa??? ??aµµ?).

27
?et??se?? ??a t?? p?s?t?ta ???? st? S?µpa?

• - ?a p?s? p????t?ta? t?? ??sµ???????? sta?e???
  (s??te??? e????e?a) -O?- ?a? t?? ?a??????? ????
  -O?-. ?a p?? s????a s?µe?a, de?????? ta p??
  p??a?? ???µe?a ??a t?? p????t?te? t?? d?? µ??f??
  ????. S????????ta? ta ap?te??sµata d?af????
  pa?at???se?? (CMB, Clusters) µe a?t? t??
  Sypernovae, pa?at????µe p?? ?? p??a??? a???µ??
  d????? p?s?st? 70 st? s??te??? e????e?a ?a?
  30 st?? ?p????pe? µ??f?? ????.
• - ? s??????? p????t?ta Otot 1, de???e? p?? ?
  µ??f?????a t?? S?µpa?t?? e??a? ep?ped?.
• - ?a? ed?, ta ap?te??sµata de?????? ??a
  ep?ta????µe?? S?µpa? t? ?p??? d?ast???eta? ??a
  p??ta!

28
Dark Energy

• - ??a µ?st????d??, ?p??et??? µ??f? e????e?a?, ?
  ?p??a ?fe??eta? ??a t?? ep?ta????µe?? d?ast???.
• - ? d???f???? WMAP, ? ?p???? pa?at???se t? CMB
  ??a 9 ?????a, µ?t??se t?? p?s?t?ta S??te????
  ?????e?a? ?a? S??te???? ???? st? S?µpa?.
  ?p?te???? t? 95 t?? s???????? ????-e????e?a?.
• 72 - S??te??? ?????e?a
• 23 - S??te??? ???
• 5 - ?a??????? ??? (?t?µa, F?t???a ??p)
• - S??te??? ??? ?e? a????ep?d?? µe t?? ?/?
  a?t???ß???a. ?pe????? ??a t?? t????a??? ta??t?te?
  t?? ?st???. S????ate? ta ?st?a µ?sa st???
  ?a?a??e?!

29
?-CDM Model

• ? a????? t? Standard Model t?? ??sµ?????a?,
  e??a? t? p??te???µe?? µ??t??? t? ?p??? p??spa?e?
  ?a e????se?
• - ?? Cosmic Microwave Backround
• - ??? µe???e? S?st?de? Ga?a???? (Galaxy Clusters)
• - ??? ep?ta????µe?? d?ast??? t?? S?µpa?t??
• ?? ? p?????eta? ap? t?? ??sµ??????? sta?e?? t??
  Einstein, t?? ?p??a ???s?µ?p???se st?? e??s?se??
  t?? st? Ge???? Te???a t?? S?et???t?ta? (??t? t?
  ?p??? ? ?d??? a???te?a ap????ese t? µe?a??te??
  t?? ?????). St? µ??t??? t? ? a?t?st???e? st?
  S??te??? ?????e?a, ? ?p??a ap??a?e?ta? ?a?
  ??sµ??????? Sta?e??.
• ?? µ??t??? a?t? ?p?st????e?, ep?s??, t?? Te???a
  t?? ???????sµ?? ??a t? Big Bang ?a? t?? ep?ped?
  ?e?µet??a t?? S?µpa?t??.

30
S?µpe??sµata
31

• - Big Bang (???????sµ??)
• - ?p?ß?ad???µe?? d?ast??? (0-7 d?se?at. ?????a)
• - ?p?ta????µe?? d?ast??? (7-? d?se?at. ?????a)
• - ?? s?µpa? (p??a???) ?a te???se? µe t? Big Chill.

32
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2011

• ?? ??aße?? ??µpe? F?s???? 2011 ????st??e µeta??
  t?? Saul Perlmutter (50), Brian P. Schmidt
  (25) ?a? Adam G. Riess (25), "??a t?? a?a??????
  t?? ep?t????s?? t?? d?ast???? t?? S?µpa?t?? µ?sa
  ap? pa?at???se?? t?? µa?????? Supernovae".
• Saul Perlmutter Brian P. Schmidt
  Adam G. Reiss

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34
???a??st?!
35
??ß?????af?a

• S. Perlmutter et al. (Supernova Cosmology
  Project), Astrophys. J. 483, 565 (1997)
• S. Perlmutter et al. (Supernova Cosmology
  Project), Nature 391, 51 (1998)
• P. Garnavich et al. (High-Z Supernova Search),
  Astrophys. J. Lett. 493, 53 (1998)
• B. Schmidt et al. (High-Z Supernova Search),
  Astrophys. J. 507, 46 (1998)
• A. Riess, A. Filippenko, P. Challis, A.
  Clocchiattia, A. Diercks,P. Garnavich, R.
  Gilliland, C. Hogan, S. Jha, R. Kirshner,
  B.Leibundgut, M. Phillips, D. Reiss, B. Schmidt,
  R. Schommer,R. Smith, J. Spyromilio, C. Stubbs,
  N. Suntzeff, J. Tonry
• (High-Z Supernova Search), Astron. J. 116, 1009
  (1998)
• S. Perlmutter, G. Aldering, G. Goldhaber, R.
  Knop, P. Nugent, P. Castro, S. Deustua, S.
  Fabbro, A. Goobar, D. Groom, I. Hook, A. Kim, M.
  Kim, J. Lee, N. Nunes, R. Pain, C. Pennypacker,
  R. Quimby, C. Lidman, R. Ellis, M. Irwin, R.
  McMahon, P. Ruiz-Lapuente, N. Walton, B.
  Schaefer, B. Boyle, A. Filippenko, T. Matheson,
  A. Fruchter, N. Panagia, H. Newberg, W. Couch
  (Supernova Cosmology Project), Astrophys. J. 517,
  565, (1999)
• http//www.nasa.gov/missions/deepspace/f_dark-ener
  gy.html
• http//lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/map/current/ma
  p_bibliography.cfm
• http//www.cfa.harvard.edu/supernova//HighZ.html
• http//www.insidescience.org/current-affairs/three
  -discoverers-of-accelerating-universe-share-physic
  s-nobel-prize
• http//www.sciencemag.org/content/282/5397/2156.1.
  full
• http//www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/lau
  reates/2011/
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vv6o2bUPdxV0