Speech Communication for Global Literacy (Advanced students)

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Speech Communication for Global Literacy
(Advanced students)

• Koji Nakamura
• Professor of English and Global Education
• Konan University
• Kobe, Japan
• koji_at_konan-u.ac.jp
• VTR Students of Konan Univ. Kobe Japan are
  making persuasive speech and logical debate in
  EIL.

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What is communicative competence in writing and
speaking?

• Grammatical and lexical competence
• (sentence structures, styles and vocabularies)
• Coherent and Cohesive competence
• (Flow of the writing and speech)
• Discourse and contextual competence
• (ex. You are my Desdemona. Dramatic irony May
  these be the worst day.
• Victorian moral, WASP and etc.)
• Socio-linguistic competence
• ( Its very hot in this room, isnt it?)
• Strategic Competence
• (Ex. Non-verbal communication)

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Organization and coherent flow in writing and
speech

•   Attention-getting Introduction ???
• Topic Sentence (???)
• Thesis Statement (???)
• Body (Support) (???)
• Cause/Effect(????) (coherence)
• Comparison/Contrast (??/??) ???
• Pro-Con Structure(????)
• Discusson (??)
• Conclusion (??) ???
• Clincher (??????)

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(No Transcript)
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What is Process Writing?

• Process writing is a productive and interactive
  writing strategy between students and teachers,
  or among students. White (1991) states that
  writing is far from being a simple matter of
  transcribing language into written symbols.
  Therefore writing can be an interactive and
  creative means of ommunication.

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Process Writing is a process of Academic and
Problem-solving Approach

• White (1991) defines process writing as a form of
  problem-solving which involves such processes as
  generating ideas, discovering a voice with which
  to write, planning, goal-setting, monitoring and
  evaluating what is going to be written as well as
  what has been written, and searching for language
  with which to express exact meanings.

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The Process of Academic Approach to (Global
Literacy)

• 1 Gathering information
• 2 Sharing relevant information, facts and
  evidence. (Sharing)
• 3 Processing the necessary information for
  outlining and drafting ones own speech.
• 4 Organizing and constructing ones own opinion
  in written and oral forms.

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The Process of Problem-solving Approach

• 1 Narrowing down the theme into your topic
• 2 Defining the problem in the relevant issues
• 3 Analyzing the causes and effects of the
  problem
• 4 Exploring possible workable solutions as a
  brainstorming (Sharing)
• 5 Suggesting possible workable solutions with
  each other (Sharing)
• 6 Selecting the best solution or integrated
  solutions
• 7 Implementing ways of carrying out the best
  solution.

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Writer-Reader-Speaker Connection

• A good writer is a good reader and speaker.
• Recent research has demonstrated the
  cognitive links between writing and reading
  (Blanton, 1992 Carrell, 1987).
• Reading provides students with stimuli for
  topics, activates the schema (that is, the
  background knowledge) of the students about a
  topic, and shows them the value of the audience
  in writing and speaking.
• The writing-reading-speaking connection is
  essential to a successful writing and speech
  communication.
• The more writers read, the more successful their
  writing and speaking will be.

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1 What is communication?2 What is Speech
Communication?

• Communication comes from communicatio in
  Latin, which means sharing meaning and
  information with others
• Speech Communication?

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Speech Communication???
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1 Public Speaking

• Informative Speech
• ???????????
• Persuasive Speech
• ????????
• Inspirational Speech
• ????????

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How can we make a good speech?

• 1 Delivery (???)
• Eye-Contact (??)
• Smile (???)
• Voice (????????)
• Emotional Appeal (???????)
• Logical Reasoning (Flow and support)
• 2 Content (??)
• 3 English as an International
• Language
• VTR 1 Impressive Speech 1

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What are strategies of a Persuasive Speech?

• Logical Reasoning with valid Evidence
• Emotional Appeal
• Rhetorical Device (simile, metaphor, and analogy)
  ex.
• Credibility and Good Will ????
• ??1 Deductive Approach ???
• ??2 Inductive Approach ???

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The Voice from Edward SaidLecture at Cairo Univ.
in 2003before the Islamic audience

• You cannot deal with others without profound
  knowledge of his or her culture, society and
  history. (VTR) 2
• Force never works, because you can never destroys
  the will of people and the power of people.
• Idea is equality, coexistence and sustainable
  life.
• The present is our battle ground and knowledge is
  our main weapons.
• (Said2003)

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??1 ??? Deductive Approach
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??2 ??? Inductive Approach
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Mother Teresa ??????? ????????????VTR 3

• ????????????????????
• There is a hunger, maybe not a hunger for a piece
  of bread, but there is a terrible hunger for
  love.
• Find them, love them and put your love for them
  in your living actions.
• For loving them, you are loving God himself. God
  bless you.

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I Have a Dream (VTR 4)by Dr. Martin Luther
King, Jr.

• I have a dream that one day on the red hills of
  Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of
  former slave owners will be able to sit down
  together at the table of brotherhood

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I Have a Dream by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

• I have a dream that one day even the state of
  Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of
  injustice, sweltering with the heat of
  oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of
  freedom and justice

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I Have a Dream by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

• I have a dream that my four little children will
  one day live in a nation where they will not be
  judged by the color of their skin but by the
  content of their character I have a dream today

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I Have a Dream by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

• With this faith we will be able to transform the
  jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful
  symphony of brotherhood.

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Why do people regard this speech as one of the
best speeches in the 20th century?

• Repeating American Dreams positively
• Hating discrimination but loving people
• Universality (beyond race, religion, culture)
• Excellent Rhetoric
• Analogy ?? oasis of freedom and justice
• Metaphor ?? a beautiful symphony of
• brotherhood
• Simile ?? justice rolls down like waters
• Parallel ?? I have a dream that I have a dream
  
• Persuasive Speeches impress people and enlighten
  people and bring compassion, and people translate
  their feelings into their action.

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How to start your speech(Attention-getting
Introduction)

• How do Japanese people start their speeches?
• How do Westerners start their speeches?
• Toastmasters International Speech Contest in
• 1995 by Mark Brown(VTR 5 )
• The real monster is within your heart.
• Intolerance ???
• Ignorance ??
• Indifference ???

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How to end your speech (The Power of Clincher)

• Government of the people, by the people, and for
  the people shall not perish from the earth.
  (Lincoln)
• Intolerance, indifference and ignorance.
• Yes, lets kill the beast. Because everyone
  deserves a second chance.
• Free at last! free at last!Thank God almighty,
  we are free at last! (Dr. King)
• And so my fellow Americans, ask not what your
  country can do for you, ask what you can do for
  your country.
• (John F. Kennedy)

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How do famous speakers prepare for their
Speeches?

• 1 You should be an expert on your
• subject. ????????????
• 2 Gathering information. ????
• All the facts on both sides of your subjects
  must be collected, arranged, studied, digested.
• Prove them be sure they are facts then think
  out yourself the best solution.
•  

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Strategy and procedure to present a good speech
?????1

• 1 State your facts.---Argue from them---Appeal
  for action.
• ????????????
• 2 Show something that is wrong (Analysis of the
  status-quo)
• ???????
• 3 Show how to remedy it.---Appeal for action.
  ?????????????
• 4 Appeal to the motives that make people act.
  ???????????????

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Strategy and procedure to present a good speech
?????2

• 5 If possible record your speech in your tape
  recorder and listen it again and again to feed
  back (??????)
• 6 Do not read your note. Do not see your notes.
  (????????????)
• 7 Notes destroy about fifty percent of the
  interest in your talk.
• (????????????)(

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Strategy and procedure to present a good speech
?????3

• 8. After you have thought out and arranged your
  talk, then practice it as you walk along the
  street. ??????? ( A dog barked at me when I
  walked and reciting my own speech.)
• 9.Imagine that you are addressing a real
  audience. The more of this you do, the more
  comfortable you will feel when the time comes for
  you to make your talk.
• (Dale Carnegie)

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Memory System(??????)?????

• 1. Impression ??????
• impressive memory
• 2. Repetition ??????
• through the power of repetition
• 3. Association ?????
• We can associate one fact with others.
• 4.Reading aloud (Lincoln Method)
• ????????????

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The Magic of Presentation Spaced Rehearsal.

• The magic power of spaced rehearsal.
  ???????????????
• After we memorize a thing, we forget as much
  during the first eight hours as we do during the
  next thirty days. So go over your notes and
  practice every day.
• ???????8???????
• ?????????????????????

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A speech must grow. A speech can grow and
explore with enough spaced rehearsal and
rewriting.

• A speech must grow. A speech can grow and
  explore with enough spaced rehearsal and
  rewriting.
• ???????????????
• We can select our topic early in the week. We
  can narrow down the subject into our own favorite
  topic. Think over it during the day, brood over
  it and sleep over it and even dream over it.
  This is a Lincoln Method. (Dale
  Carnegie)

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Speech is a human art.

• Its just like an art, creating a wonderful
  sculpture.
• ??????????????
• We cant become an expert of speech, but we can
  become an expert of our own topic.
• ?????????????????
• ?????????????
• Actor of Royal Shakespeare Theater

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A Speech is a Voyage ???????

• A Speech is a voyage. It must be charted.
  ??????? (????)
• A Speech is like drawing a picture. ????????????
• Draw a horizon, mountains, hills, rivers,
  villages, parks, gardens, houses, a seashore and
  a big ocean. ??????????????

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How to Develop Self-confidence in Public Speaking
??

• Everybody feels butterflies in his/her stomach
  in public speaking.
• ????????
• ???????????????????????
• ????????????????????????????????? ?????????
• ??????????????????????
• ???????????????
•  ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????

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Public Speaking ????

• 1. Start with a strong and persistent
• desire. ????????????????
• 2. Arouse your enthusiasm, urge,
• passion, zeal, drive and motivation.
• 3. Prepare everyday. ???????
• 4. Enough preparation. If you prepare well
• and practice hard, you will have a strong
• desire to express yourself.
• 5. Act confidently. ?????????
• 6. Practice. Practice makes perfect. ??
• This is the most important point of
• all in public speaking. Fear is the
• result of a lack of confidence.

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Robert Kennedy made an excellent speech in the
midst of anti-US Waseda Students at Waseda Univ.
Tokyo, Japan in 1967.

• My friends, I appreciate very much the welcome
  you have given to me and to my wife. We are here
  to discuss in a frank and candid manner questions
  which will be of interest to you.
• There is a gentleman down in the front who
  evidently disagree with me. If he will ask a
  single question, I will try to give an answer.
  That is the democratic way and the way we should
  proceed. He is asking a question and he is
  entitled to courtesy.

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2 Discussion????

• Democratic Discussion
• ??????
• Problemsolving Discussion ????????
• (John Deweys Reflective
• Thinking)
• ?????????????

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John Deweys Reflective Thinking for Problem
Solving.

• ????????????????????
• 1. Defining the problem ???????
• 2. Analyzing the problem
• ?????????????????
• 3. Suggesting every possible solution
• ???????????????
• 4. Selecting the best solution
• ??????
• 5. Carrying out the plan for the best
• solution (Implementing) ??

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Subject Sexual Harassment

•  
• (1) Defining the problem mental/physical and
  
• sexual bullying/offense/teasing/attack
• (2) Analyzing the problem gender
  discrimination in a
• male dominated society /infringement of
  human
• rights
• (3) Possible solutions
• organized protest and bringing it to the
  court
• education for human rights and egalitarian
  society
• social and public education, organized
  protest
• through womens network
• (4) Selecting the best solution
• organized protest and public
  education
• (5) Suggesting way of carrying out the solution
• Public Education, education at school,
  home and
• working places

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3 Debate????????????????????? VTR8

• with valid evidence
• ??????????
• Logical Rebuttal
• (Refutation)
• ????????

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Research Paper on Asia Pacific War

• 1. Academic Approach
• Narrow down the subject (Asia Pacific War) into
  your own topic.
• Collect relevant information and select necessary
  information to organize your own opinion in your
  research paper.
• Be an expert of your topic/issue and discuss the
  causes and effects of the facts.
• The following three factors are necessary in your
  research paper.
• Defining the Issue/Problems
• Analyzing causes and effects of the issue
• Your own interpretation and Opinion (Critical
  Thinking)

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(Ex.) Your topics will be

• Great East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
• Tripartite Pact made with Germany and
  Italy
• Japans Modernization and Japanese
  Imperialism
• Japanese Emperor and Asia Pacific War
• Japanese People and Asia Pacific War
• Kamikaze Commando (Special Attack Corps)
• 1910 Japan Annexed Korea ????
• 1931 Japanese Kwantung Army seized Manchuria
• 1932 Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo ???
• 1933 Japan withdraw from League of Nations
• 1937- 1945 War with China ????
• 1938 Nanking Massacre ????
• 1940 Tripartite Pact made with Germany and Italy
• 1941 Japan attacked US (Pearl Harbor) Pacific War
  
• 1942 Battle of Midway
• 1945 Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and
  Nagasaki
• Japans unconditional surrender
• GHQ, Occupation Troops, Allied Nations,
• Douglas MacArthur and Emperor

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2. Format of Research Paper

• 1. Quality, originality and critical thinking,
  not quantity is the aim.
• 2. The research paper must be more than 800
  words-excluding appendices and other diagrams,
  charts and diagrams.
• 3 Research paper must be presented with academic
  format/style making effective use of diagrams,
  charts and tables with clear sourceseither your
  own or properly attributed--in communicating key
  elements and concepts of the topic.
• 4 All sources (including web research) must be
  clearly referenced in the text.
• 5 All references must be sourced, otherwise
  students will be penalized for plagiarizing
  others work. Plagiarism is fatal which includes
  failure of your class.