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E-mail: hjbin@infosec.pku.edu.cn

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Title: E-mail: hjbin@infosec.pku.edu.cn


1
?????(1)
  • ???
  • ??????????????
  • E-mail hjbin_at_infosec.pku.edu.cn
  • http//infosec.pku.edu.cn/hjbin

2
  • ? ?
  • ????????????
  • ???????
  • ?????????

3
???????
  • 1949???
  • ????????
  • 19491975?
  • ???????
  • 1976???
  • ????????????

4
?1??-????
  • ????????,????
  • ?????????????
  • ???????????,??????
  • ???????????
  • ????????????????

5
?1??-????
Phaistos??,??????160mm?Cretan-Mnoan????,?????17???
????????????,????????
6
20???????
7
?1??-????
  • 1883?Kerchoffs???????????????????????????????????
    ???
  • ???????????,?????????????,????????????????????

8
?2?? 19491975
  • ??????????????????
  • ???????
  • 1949?Shannon?The Communication Theory of Secret
    Systems
  • 1967?David Kahn?The Codebreakers
  • 1971-73?IBM Watson????Horst Feistel???????
  • ?????????????????????

9
?3?? 1976
  • 1976?Diffie Hellman ? New Directions in
    Cryptography ?????????
  • 1977?Rivest,Shamir Adleman???RSA????
  • 90?????????????????
  • ???????????????????????????????

10
?3?? 1976
  • 1977?DES??????
  • 80????????Post DES??,?IDEA,RCx,CAST?
  • 90????????????? Rijndael,RC6, MARS, Twofish,
    Serpent???
  • 2001?Rijndael??DES????

11
  • ? ?
  • ????????????
  • ???????
  • ?????????

12
?????????
  • ????????
  • ?????
  • ??(Interruption)(??)
  • ??(Interception) (??)
  • ??(Modification)
  • ??(Fabrication)
  • ???????????????????
  • ??????????

13
?????
Availability
  • Interruption --
  • Interception --
  • Modification --
  • Fabrication --

Confidentiality
Integrity
Authenticity
14
????
15
????
  • ???(Cryptology) ??????????????.
  • ?????(Cryptography) ???????????,????????.
  • ?????(Cryptanalytics)?????????????????.

16
????
??(Plaintext)??????? ??(CypherText)?????? ? ?
???P?P?????, PP1,P2,,Pn ????C,
CC1,C2,,Cn ????????????
CE(P)?PD(C) ?? C????,E?????P???,D????? ??????
????PD(E(P))
17
????
  • ?????????,??CE(K,P),???????????????????????,E??
    ?????,??????????????????
  • ??????????,?PD(K,E(K,P))
  • ??????????,?PD(KD,E(KE,P))

18
????????
19
????????
  • ???????????????????
  • ????????,?????????????????/???????????
  • ?????????,????

20
?????????
21
?????????
  • ??????????(P,C,K,E,D)????
  • (1)P?????????(????)
  • (2)C?????????(????)
  • (3)K?????????????(????)
  • (4)??k? K,??????? ???????? ,??
    ? ?????????,
    ??dk(ek(x))x ,?? x ?P?

22
????????
  • ????
  • ????
  • ???????

23
????
  • ????(restricted)??
  • ???????????????
  • ????(key-based)???
  • ??????????????

24
????
  • ??????(symmetric cipher)
  • ???????????,??????,???????????
  • ??????????????
  • ???????(asymmetric cipher)
  • ????????????,??????????
  • ????????(public-key cipher)
  • ???????????????, ?????????
  • ???????????,??????(public key),?????????????,?
    ?????(private key)??,????

25
??????
  • ????(block cipher)
  • ???????????,??????????????,????????????
  • ???(stream cipher)
  • ?????????????????????????

26
????
  • ????????
  • ???????????,??????????????????
  • ??????????????(????????)

27
??????????
  • ??????
  • ??????????????????
  • ??????????
  • ????
  • ???
  • ?????

28
??????
29
????????
  • ???????????????,?????????????????????????????????
  • ??????????,??????????
  • ??????
  • ??????????????
  • ?????????????????

30
????????
  • ?????(data complexity)????????????
  • ?????(processing complexity)??????????
  • ????(storage requirement)???????????

31
??????????
32
??????
  • ??
  • ??
  • ???

33
??
  • ??????????????????
  • ?????????????,?????????????????????

34
????
??????
wuhdwb lpsrvvleoh
TREATY IMPOSSIBLE
????
CiE(Pi)Pi3
???(???) ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
defghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabc
35
???????
  • ?????(??????)
  • ??,????
  • ????????,????????????????????????

36
???????
  • ?????????
  • CE(p)(pk)mod(26)
  • pD(C)(C-k)mod(26)
  • 25??????k,??Brute-Force Cryptanalysis
  • ??????????????

37
???????
  • ????
  • key
  • ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
  • keyabcdfghijlmnopqrstuvwxz
  • spectacular
  • ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
  • spectaulrbdfghijkmnoqvwxyz
  • ???????????

38
???????
  • ?????????????
  • E(i)3i mod 26
  • ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
  • adgjmpsvybehknqtwzcfilorux

39
?????
  • ????26!gt4x1026 ???key,??56?DES??????
  • ????????????

40
(No Transcript)
41
? UZQSOVUOHXMOPVGPOZPEVSGZWSZOPFPESXUDBMETSXAIZ V
UEPHZHMDZSHZOWSFPAPPDTSVPQUZWYMXUZUHSX EPYEPOPDZSZ
UFPOMBZWPFUPZHMDJUDTMOHMQ
42
???????--????
  • ?????E1?E2 ,???????????????????,????????????????(?
    ?E2???E1??)
  • ?1E1(T)a, E2(T)b
  • E1(X)b, E2(X)a
  • E1(a)(3a)mod26 E2(a)((5a)13)mod 26)
  • TREAT YIMPO SSIBL E
  • fumnf dyvtf czysh h

43
???????--????
  • ?2 E1(a)a
  • E2(a)25-a
  • ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
  • zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcba
  • It was the best of times, it was the worst of
    times
  • Ig wzs ghv bvsg ou trmvs rt dah tse doisg ou
    trmvs

44
?????????
  • ????????????????,????????????????????????
  • ?????????????????????????
  • ????????????????????

45
????????????
  • 1?????????????????????????
  • ???,???????????????
  • 2??????????????????
  • 3???1??2???????,???????????
  • ?,?????????????????

46
???????
  • ?????????????????????????????????
  • ?????(One Time Pad)
  • ???PAD,?????????
  • ?????????????
  • ??????(?OTP?????)
  • ri1ricb mod w
  • c?b???,w????????????

47
??
  • ???????????????????????????
  • ??????
  • ????
  • ????
  • ????????????????
  • ?????????????
  • ??????????????

48
??
  • ????????????,?????????????,??????
  • ?????????????,?????????????????????

49
  • K???mm??,?Z/(26)???,???K-1??
  • KK-1 I (?Z/(26))
  • ????k? K, ??ek(x)xK (mod 26) ? dk(y)yK-1 (mod
    26)
  • ?
  • ??????? m????(x1, x2 , xm )(y1,
    y2,,ym),Z/(26)?????
  • ??????????Amxm,?????detAmxm??? Z/(26),??Z/(26)???
    ???????
  • Z/(26) a ?Z/(26)(a,26)1,Z/(26)1,3,5,7,9,1
    1,15,17,19,21,23,25

50
?m???????,PC(Z/(26))m, K??1,2,..,m???????,?
????p?K,??
e p(x1, x2,..,
xm)(xp(1),,..,xp(m)) ? d p(y1,
y2,.., ym)(yp(1),,..,yp(m))
??p-1?p????
???????????????,????? ?? ?m6,???
?
51
???????cryptography ?????6????????cryptogra
phy ??????YTCOPRAHGYPR
52
??????????p ??
53
???
  • ???????????,????????????
  • ?????????

54
??????????(????????)
55
  • ? ?
  • ????????????
  • ???????
  • ?????????

56
???????
  • Shannon??(1949)
  • ??????????????????????????
  • ????????????????????
  • ???????????
  • ??????????????????
  • ?????????????????

57
Feistel????
  • ??
  • ??2w???????
  • ??k
  • ??
  • ??2w???????

58
Feistel?????
  • ??????L0,R0,?????????n??????,???????????
  • ?i????????????Li-1?Ri-1?K??????Ki?????????,???Ki?K
    ??,???????,????????????????

59
Feistel?????
  • ??????????,????????????,???????????????????F,?????
    ???????????????(XOR)
  • ??????????????????,???????Ki???
  • ?????,???????????????

60
Feistel?????
  • ????????????????????????????,???????????Ki
  • ????????????????????

61
Feistel????
  • ?? Li Ri-1 Ri Li-1?F(Ri-1,Ki)
  • ?? Ri-1 Li
  • Li-1 Ri?F(Ri-1,Ki)
  • Ri?F(Li,Ki)

62
Feistel???????
  • ??????????????????,???????????64????????????,????
    ??????????
  • ??????????????????,?????????????????????128???
  • ??????????????,????????????????????16
  • ???????????????????????
  • ?????????????????????????

63
Feistel?????
  • ?????/??????????????,??????????,???????
  • ??????????????,???????????????

64
???????
  • Shannon??(1949)
  • ??????????????????????????
  • ????????????????????
  • ???????????
  • ??????????????????
  • ??????????????????

65
???????
  • ?????
  • ???????
  • ????

66
???????????
  • ??????????????????(??????)??,??????n??(??????n??
    ?),?????????????????????(??????)??

67
????????
  • Shannon??????????,???????????????????
  • ??(Diffusion)??????????????????????
    ,??????????????????
  • ??(confusion)????????????????????????

68
?????????
  • ??????????
  • ??????????,?????????????????,?8?16?32????
  • ??????????,??????????????????????????
  • ????????????,???????????

69
?????????
  • ?????????,??????????????????????,?????????????????
    ,?????????
  • ???????????,???????????????????

70
???DES
  • Simplified DES??,??S-DES???
  • ??????????
    (1) ????IP(initial permutation)
    (2)
    ????fk1,?????K???,???????????

    (3) ????SW

    (4) ????fk2


    (5) ????IP????IP-1

71
(No Transcript)
72
?????????
  • ?????????
  • IP-1fk2SWfk1IP

    ????
  • ??IP-1(fk2(SW(fk1(IP(??)))))
    ??
    K1P8(??(P10(??K)))
  • K2P8(??(??(P10(??K))))
  • ?????????
  • ??IP-1(fk1(SW(fk2(IP(??)))))

73
S-DES?????
?10bit????(k1,k2,k3,k4,k5,k6,k7, k8,k9,k10)
??P10??????
P10(k1,k2,,k10)(k3,k5,k2,k7,k4,k10,k1,k
9,k8,k6) ???


P10










LS-1?????,???????2?
P8
74
S-DES?????
  • ??????,?K??(1010000010), ???????????
  • K1(1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0)
  • K2(0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1)

75
S-DES?????
76
S-DES?????
  • ?????IP??
  • IP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
  • 2 6 3 1 4 8 5 7????????IP????
  • IP-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
  • 4 1 3 5 7 2 8 6
  • ?? IP-1(IP(X))X

77
(No Transcript)
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