Two Contrasting Wars

1
Two Contrasting Wars

• Taylor, A.J.P..Two Contrasting Wars Crimea The
  Diplomatic War, Italy the War of Liberation.

2
Why is the Crimean War significant to the British?

• The Crimean War is significant to the British for
  two reasons
• The only war Britain was involved in between
  Napoleon and WWI
• Recognition of the common soldier

3
How did it begin?

• Conflict over control of holy cites within
  Jerusalem
• Eastern Orthodox Christian monks (Russia) vs.
  Roman Catholic monks (France).
• Russia and France both pressured Turkey, France
  sent a battleship to Constantinople and Turkey
  sided with the Catholic monks. Russia sent an
  army to the Turkish border and the Eastern monks
  got some control back.
• British and French fear Russian expansion in the
  east, Russians fear British and French were
  cutting off their trade routes through the
  Dardanelles.

4
Why did the settlement at Vienna not work?

• The five major European powers came to an
  agreement at Vienna, but could not consult Turkey
  because of poor communications.
• 7 to 10 days to get a message through to
  Constantinople.
• Turks objected to settlement based on loss of
  sovereignty.

5
What made Turkey so aggressive?

• Turkey knew that the Alliance was split and that
  Britain and France had to support them against
  the Russians.

6
What, according to Taylor, is special about the
Crimean War in history?

• According to Taylor, the Crimean was the first
  war to be affected by journalism and public
  opinion. Public opinion was led in London by The
  Times which portrayed the conflict as a sign of
  Russian aggression and tyranny.

7
What were Englands goals and Frances goals in
going to war?

• England Defeat Russia and spark a reform
  movement that would liberate Eastern Europe from
  the Holy Alliance.
• France Sought growing political influence for
  Napoleon III

8
Why was it difficult to get the war started after
it was declared?

• Fundamentally, Russia was a land based power and
  Britain and France were naval powers. It would
  take time to bring these forces together.

9
Were British army goals military or political?

• After three months of military buildup, the
  British and French armies marched on Sebastopol,
  the main Russian naval base. This was not a
  viable military target as there were few Russian
  troops there but it was thought that this would
  satisfy public opinion back in London. It took 18
  months to take the port.

10
Why was the Crimean War so important to European
history?

• The Crimean War eliminated Russia as a European
  power. This meant that liberal republican
  movements could take root in Eastern Europe
  without fear of repression from the Holy Alliance.

11
What did the Revolutions of 1848 do for Italy?

• Though not powerful enough to unite Italy or to
  liberate Northern Italy, these revolutions were
  put down harshly. This led to an estrangement
  between Austrian rulers and Italian ruled.

12
Why did France go to war with Italy against
Austria?

• France had two reasons
• To create a friendly client state that would
  enable them to dominate the Mediterranean.
• To equal the achievement of his uncle, Napoleon
  wanted to set up a monarchy in Italy.
• So the French agreed to get the Austrians out of
  Northern Italy in exchange for Nice and Savoy.

13
Why was the idea of Italian independence so
worrisome for Austria?

• Because the empire was a mixture of non
  nationalities. Most imperial statesmen spoke
  German thought they were not themselves German.
• The idea of Italian nationalism would have been
  acidic to Austria as it would incite further
  rebellions.

14

• Despite British efforts to broker a peace
  settlement, and despite the French attempts to
  back out of the deal ,Austria invaded Piedmont
  and France went on to help.

15
What was Garibaldis mission?

• Garibaldis original mission was to aid in the
  peasant revolt in Sicily, he had wanted to free
  Rome but Cavour prevented him because it would
  have started an international crisis.
• Against great odds, Garibaldis forces drove out
  those of the King of Naples.
• Garibaldi went on to threaten Rome but was
  stopped by the Piedmontese army.

16
Why is Garibaldi the most admired man in
history?

• After conquering most of Southern Italy inspiring
  his peasant army with land reform, Garibaldi
  handed over the provinces to the king of Italy,
  refused a Dukedom and asked for only a bag of
  seed corn for his little farm in Caprera.

17
January 1858

• Italian Nationalist Orsini attempts assassination
  of Napoleon III on his way to the opera.
• This made him aware and actually sympathetic to
  the cause of Italian nationalism.
• He called Camilo de Cavour to his vacation home
  in Plombieres to discuss how Italian nationhood
  could be achieved.

18

• Napoleon guaranteed support for Italy as long as
  they could provoke a war with Austria.
• Out of the war, France would receive Nice and
  Savoy. Nice was the birthplace of Garibaldi and
  Savoy was the seat of the royal family.

19

• The war almost did not happen as France and
  Austria began peace negotiations. This worried
  the Italians and Cavour. In response to several
  published pamphlets in the Northern Italian
  states, Austria issued an ultimatum for
  disarmament to the Italians on April 19, 1859.
  This provided the Italians with the excuse for
  war they desperately wanted.

20

• Spontaneous uprisings occurred all across
  Northern Italy and combined with the lack of
  unity and the poor leadership of the Austrians,
  they were defeated at the battles of Magenta and
  Solferino. However, France stopped short of
  totally expelling Austria from Northern Italy and
  began to sue for peace, this put the cause of
  Italian Nationalism in jeopardy and Cavour
  resigned in protest.

21

• Parma, Modena, Tuscany, and Bologna all demanded
  union with Italy, but the King could not allow it
  due to opposition from Napoleon.