CS401 Page 1

1
Linux

• A freely distributable version of UNIX originally
  developed by Linus Torvalds at Univ. Helsinki
  Finland
• Originally try to be a better minix than Minix.
• 10/5/91 release 0.02, can run bash and gcc.
• Kernel designed from scratch, with task switching
  code in assembly, follows by code in C.(FreeBSD
  ported from BSD UNIX)
• Use Gnu tools to develop related system code.
• Most Network daemons and utilities ported from
  BSD.
• Can run X Windows, TCP/IP, Emacs, mail, news,...

2
Why Linux is so popular?

• Freeware, open design group, with source code
  available for Application/OS/IO/network software
  developers, kernel hackers, multimedia authors.
• Low cost a few dollars (for CD) or free through
  Internet download for the complete programming
  environment, on cheap pc hardware.
• Support many different peripherals (disk drive,
  sound card, Ethernet card, modem, CPU).
• Users participate in a very successful
  coordinated document project LDP, e.g. write
  how-to documents.
• Used in research vessel, web server, routing
  device,hospital DB, US marine corp mission.

3
Linux System Features

• Multitasking, multi-user operating system
• compatible with IEEE POSIX.1,System and BSD
  features.
• csh, bash, pty, national/customized keyboard
  support using dynamically loadable drivers,
  virtual console.
• support various file systems, ext2,msdos,
  iso9660, nfs, ntfs(only read access with required
  kernel modification), proc, xenix, bpfs (OS2),
  minix,
• can access other file systems good for dual boot
  situation.
• TCP/IP, Ethernet drivers, PPP, SLIP, PLIP
• NFS, ftp, telnet, nntp, smtp,
• demand-paged loaded executable, paging

4
Basic Commands and Utilites

• ls, awk, tr, sed, bc,
• text editor vi, ex, pico, jove, emac
• text/word processing tex, groff, xfig,
• gcc (c and c), FORTRAN, pascal, LISP, scheme
• perl, Tcl/Tk (shell like command processing for
  developing simple X windows applications.)
• gdb, gprof, make, imake
• rcs
• telnet, rloign, rsh, finger, pine, rn, tin, ping,
  ...

5
X Window System

• Linux uses X window system for graphics display
  and desk top environment.
• XFree86, a port of X11R6 for 386-based UNIX.
• www.xfree86.org posts more recent addition of
  video drivers.
• support various video hardware at VGA, SVGA, XGA
  resolutions for both CRT adn non-interlace LCD
• Xconfigurator GUI can be used to facilitate the
  configuration.
• xterm, xclock, xman,
• GNOME and KDE desk top environments. Support
  multiple virtual windows.
• You can also use fvmgr which minics the desk top
  environment of Microsoft window systems.
• need more memory to run (8MB at least)
• other commerical pkg available (Metro-X)

6
Linux Web Pages, Newgroup

• www.linux.org, www.redhat.com, www.debian.org
• Linux Document Project home page
  http//www.linuxdoc.org/
• Hardware compatiblity web page
  http//www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Hardware-HOWTO.html
• comp.os.linux.announce, answers, setup,
  development system, hardware, networking,x,...

7
Various Distribution of Linuxhttp//www.linux.org
/dist/index.html

• developers have taken the Linux source code and
  created a variety of different Linux
  distributions that have slightly different
  functionality
• Installation Programs/Tools
• Package Management Systems
• Different ways to organize directories for
  include files, libraries and configuration files.
• (Graphic) Administration Tools
• Port to other platforms (Alpha, Sparc)
• Device/Hardware support
• Redhat 6.2, Slackware Linux 7.1.0, Debian 2.2
• CD-ROM distributor infomagic, linuxmall

8
Install Linux Step 1

• Collect info (vendor/model/version) of
• hard drive (IDE, SCSI)
• CD-ROM (make sure to buy one supported)
• Ethernet Card (e.g., 3com, Intel, HP10/100VG
  AnyLAN)
• Mouse (PS/2, 2buttons or 3buttons)
• Video chip set (e.g., Chips and Tech. 65550 PCI)
• VRAM size (e.g., 2MB)
• Monitor resolution, horizontal/vertical
  frequency, pixel depth.
• Newer installation programs try to detect
  hardware types and choose the corresponding
  drivers. They are much better now.
• Check Hardware Compatible List HowTo Document.

9
Install Linux Step 2

• Give network administrator the domain names
  (bilbo, frodo, viva, vinci) of the new Linux PC
  and ask for
• assigning IP address (viva 128.198.192.192,
  vinci128.198.192.193)(bilbo 128.198.192.182,
  frodo 128.198.192.183)
• creating DNS entries in local DNS server
  (primary DNS server ccnuccs 128.198.1.250
  secondary DNS server 128.198.161.248
  128.198.1.117 as 3rd choice)
• Find out the IP address and net mask of the
  gateway of the LAN segment which connects the
  Linux PC. (128.198.192.1, 255.255.248.0)
• The IP address and the net mask 255.255.248.0
  define the subnet address.
• Find out the IP address(es) of the DNS name
  server(s)

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Step 3 Disk Partitions

• Partition disk you could dual boot with
  WinNT/2000/Win98/OS2
• Create different partitions
• swap partition virtual memory swapping (size of
  mem, 64MB)
• root partition to be mounted as /(root
  directory) 50-100MThis needs to be in the one of
  first two drives under cylinder 1024
• /usr partition 200-500MB depends on packages
• /home partition user home directory
• /tmp partition for temporary files (server use a
  lot)
• /var partition system logs
• /usr/src for source code (linux, utilities)
• /usr/local for software not available in
  distribution(those strings with yellow marks are
  mounting pt.)
• It is much easier and flexible by just creating
  swap partition and the root partition /. All
  system/user data share the same root partition.

11
Step3a Disk Partition

• IDE drives, by convention, are given /dev/hdL
  as device names. L is the letter assigned to
  disks in the system, starting with a.
• For SCSI drive, related dev names are /dev/sdL
• For management purpose, a hard drive is divided
  into disk partitions. There are two types of disk
  partitions in a PC hard drive primary and
  extended. Within an extended partitions you can
  have more logical partitions.
• Partitions are identified by /dev/hdan or
  /dev/sdan where n is the partition ID.
• Most disks allow 3 primary partitions and one
  extended partition.
• Leave primary partition (/dev/hda1) for Win32,
  create an extended partition (/dev/hda2) for
  Linux.Note that root partition need to be under
  cylinder1024
• From the extended partition, create logic
  partitions for each of the linux partitions
  (/dev/hda5-9)

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Step 3b Relocate/Adjust Partitions

• To keep the content of the original window
  partition and create space for the new partition
  for Linux.
• Use partition magic to relocate/adjust disk
  partitions.
• Use freeware fips program, available in CDs
  dosutils directory for relocate disk partition.
  Read documents in fipsdoc subdir.
• There is a DOS fdisk utility can be used to
  partition the disk.

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Step 4 Make boot and supplemental floppies

• need a formated 1.44MB 3.5 diskette (If you have
  PC Card interface, you need additional diskette.)
• On PC running window system, change to the cd-rom
  drive under MS-DOS prompt.
• cd dosutil
• Type rawrite.exe
• Enter ..\images\boot.img and a for creating boot
  floppy.
• If you use PC Card, you need a supplemental
  floppy. Put the second diskette and Enter
  supp.img and a for creating supplemental
  diskette, containing PC Card driver.
• You can also use autoboot.exe in dosutil
  directory to install without boot floppy, or
  setup machine to boot Linux from CD-ROM.

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Step 5 Starting installation

• Insert boot floppy, reboot machineor setup bios
  to boot from CD-ROM. (our PC is setup to boot
  from CD-ROM.)
• When boot prompt appear, press enterfor GUI
  mode installation, or type text to start the text
  mode installation. GUI mode installation may not
  work on some hardware.
• Watch Linux kernel detects hardware devices
• If cdrom is not detected, you may type
• boot linux hdccdrom (enter)
• There will several dialog boxes to ask for info.
• Use tab to switch among choices
• Use arrow keys to select options within a choice.
• Use enter key to confirm the choice.

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Select Installation Method, Language,
Keyboard/Mouse Configuration, installation type
option

• If you use boot floppy, Select installation
  method from CD-ROM, NFS, FTP, or SMB shared
  volume image from Win32 system.
• Select the default English as language selection,
  
• Select the default choices as keyboard selection,
  
• Select custom
• In text mode, you select install customer
  system by pressing down arrow key three times
  and hit tab for OK button, then hit enter to
  confirm.

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Step 6 Linux Disk Partition

• You will then be asked to use druid or fdisk.
• Select druid and presented with a list of the
  disk/partitions in /dev/hdan or /dev/sdan.
• Click delete to delete the existing partitions.
• After delete exiting partitions, Use druid to
  create linux swap and root partitions and set
  their file system type.
• Create swap partition by
• skip the mount point enter 128 (MB) for size
  select the linux swap file type confirm the
  creation.
• create the root partition
• Enter / as mount point enter 2800 for size
  check the grow to fill option confirm the
  creation of root partition. The root partition
  size will adjust to 2951 MB.
• By default Linux create Linux native type (ext2
  file system).

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Step6a Suggested Disk Partitions

• We have a 3079MB Drive in each of two PCs.
• First create the linux swap partition. No mount
  point string is given.
• Then create a linux native partition, give 2800
  as size and check the option to Grow to fill
  disk. Enter / as mount point.
• Here are suggested Disk Partitions for our
  exercise

Mount Point Partition Size MB File Type
hda1 128 Linux swap
/ hda2 2951 Linux native
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Step 7 File System Configuration

• Choose the root partition /dev/hda1 for
  formatting.
• If you would like to keep the data of older
  partitions such those for win32, you should not
  choose to format them.
• If you know the disk is ok and you do not have
  check the Check for bad blocks while formatting
  option. It will speed up the formatting.

19
Configure Loader/ Network options

• Install LILO (the LInux LOader). Select the first
  option on the Master Boot Record (MBR).
• For dual boot you may want choose to install LILO
  on the first sector of the root partition and
  avoid compete with the Window NT loader on MBR.
  (See slide 21)
• Network Configuration unchecked DHCP. We would
  like to give web server static/permanent IP
  address.
• Enter the IP address 128.198.192.182 for bilbo,
  183 for frodo
• Enter the netmask 255.255.248.0
• The network address/broadcast address will be
  generated.
• Enter bilbo or frodo as host name
• Enter 128.198.192.1 as gateways.
• Enter DNS info we collect at Step 2.

20
Set Time Zone and Accounts

• Select Mountain Time Zone
• Check the Use Daylight Saving time and System
  Clock use UTC.
• Set a root password, cs401linux, and create a
  user account with your login name.
• Choose Enable MD5 passwords, Enable Shadow
  passwords.
• Do not check the Enable NIS option.

21
Dual Boot using NT Loader

• For dual boot using NT loader, you may want
  choose to install LILO on the first sector of the
  root partition. This avoids competing with the
  Window NT loader on MBR. Once MBR is overwritten
  by LILO. Window systems do not know where to
  load kernel. It is bad for future upgrade.
• Make sure you create a boot floppy, since during
  the first reboot, NT loader does not have any
  info on how to load Linux Kernel.
• Reboot with the boot floppy.
• Use dd command to copy the 512B bootsect
  information as a file, bootsect.lin and save it
  in a floppy disk.dd if/dev/hda3 bs512 count-1
  of/dosc/bootsect.lin
• Reboot without boot floppy into the window
  system, copy bootsect.lin file from the floppy to
  the window boot partition such as C\
• Edit the C\boot.ini and add c\bootsect.linR
  edhat Linux 6.2 in the OS section.
• For every new Linux installation, you need do
  this again.

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Step 8 Select Packages

• Select packages (by pressing space bar)
• Click on the list of packages you need NFS,
  SMB, ftp, web, DNS, SQL, network management
  workstation, Development, Kernel Development,
  Clustering, and Utilities.
• Some packages such as the Emacs, X development, X
  multimedia support, require a lot of storages

23
X Windows/Monitor Setup

• Monitor Setup
• Then you will be presented with a long list of
  the monitors. Choose HP and HP D2807A Ultra VGA
  1280 17-in.
• The system will detect S3 Trio64 driver.
• Select Test this configuration.
• The screen will then flash a few times when
  prompt window asks for can you see the screen
  select yes.
• If you did not find it, choose Custom to specify
  the horizontal and veritical sync range. Choose
  lowest frequencies that work. Too high a range
  value could damage monitor.
• For notebook pc, you may choose the LCD choices
  such as
• Non-interlaced SVGA 1024x768_at_87Hz or XGA.
• The screen will then flash a few time while the
  configuration program probe you video card and
  suggest color depth and resolution. Choose the
  use default setting.

24
Step 9 Create file system on partitions and
install packages

• It will go through each partition and create ext2
  file systems. (may take about 4 min.)
• Then software modules of selected packages will
  be shown being installed with the total ,
  completed , and remaining of software packages
  and their estimated times.
• There will be about 426 packages and 601MB.
• It should take about 15 min to install all these
  packages.
• You will then be asked to create boot disk. If
  you use NT loader for dual boot, make sure you
  create one.
• Make sure you remove the CD and boot disk.

25
Printer Setup

• Login as root, type printtool in a terminal
  window.
• Hit add button. Choose Remote Unix (lpd) Queue.
• In Edit Remove Uix Queue Entry form, choose
  default queue name (lp), and default spool
  directory
• Enter harpo as remote hostname, and hplj1 as
  remote queue.
• Hit input Fileter select button, select
  postscript printer. Choose default 300x300
  resolution and letter option.
• Use Test Print postscript test page to print
  test page
• Use lpr to print document on the laser printer in
  ENS149

26
Running Linux

• At boot prompt, press enter (or type tab to show
  a list of OSs, type the name of OS you want to
  run.)
• You will see the kernel got uncompressed and
  loaded
• Detect hard drives and set up file systems.
• The attached hardware will be detected/initialized
  .
• List of network services will be started.
• Login as root, enter password
• Use shutdown -h now Dont turn off the power
  until linux indicates system halt. Use -r for
  reboot.
• Enter startx to start X windows system
• Use alt-escape for emergency exit from X windows,
  e.g. got stuck.
• Important reference (redhat user guide and,
• Running Linux by Matt Welsh and Lar Kauffman,
  Oreilly
• Linux Network Administrators Guide by Olaf
  Kirch, Oreilly

27
Set UP and Use Linuxconf

• As root user, type Linuxconf to configure
  network interface.
• Select the basic host info and adaptor 1.
• Enter bilbo.uccs.edu in Primary namedomain
• Select adaptor 2, enter viva.uccs.edu with IP
  address 128.198.192.192 or vinci with
  128.198.192.193.
• Select DNS entry on the left pane.
• Enter uccs.edu as default domain and search
  domain 1 (opt).
• Select MISC-Linuxconf network access
• Check enable network access and log access.
• Enter 128.198.0.0 as network or host. This
  restricts net access.
• Choose to accept and act/changes Exit linxuconf
• Test the network connection by typing ping
  128.198.1.250.
• Note that when network access is turned on.
  Linuxconf can be accessed as http//bilbo.uccs.edu
  98/ This allows remote system management.

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Security and Upgrade Patches

• Security advisaries (patches) and upgrade
  packages are available at http//www.redhat.com/su
  pport/errata/rh62-errata-security.html.
• Download those RPM packages from redhat or other
  mirror sites http//www.redhat.com/mirrors.html
  such as ftp//ftp.eecs.umich.edu/pub/linux/redhat/
  redhat/updates/6.2/i386/
• Save them in usr/src/redhat/RPMS
• Execute rpm Uvh .rpm for upgrading the packages.

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Apache Web Server

• The Apache web server should be up and running!
• Go to other machine with a browser and try
  http//bilbo/ or use the local Netscape browser
  with http//localhost.
• Default home page is in /home/httpd/html/index.htm
  l
• All CGI programs, icons, html pages are stored in
  default directory /home/httpd.
• The configuration files are in /etc/httpd/conf
• Log files in /var/log/httpd
• You are now ready to practice the exercises in
  Apache the definitive guide.

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HW2 Linux/Apache Installation

• Install Rehat Linux 6.2 on Bilbo or Frodo.
• Make brief note on the steps and interactions
  during the installation.
• Choose customize installation instead of
  default server or workstation installation.
• Create swap and root partitions as suggested in
  the handout.
• In step 8, check the specific packages web, ftp,
  sql, nfs.
• Edit /home/httpd/conf/httpd.conf with ServerName
  bilboltfrodogt and start web server with
  /usr/sbin/httpd
• Ftp your personal web page and images files to
  the machine.
• Make a cgi-bin directory in /home/httpd/cgi-bin/lty
  ourlogingt.
• Copy chow/public_html/cgi-bin/chow/sessionvar.pl
• Make sure all paths are readable or executable.
• From the browser on other machines in the lab,
  make hard copies of the default web page, your
  personal web page, and the result of the
  sessionvar.pl. Submit your brief installation
  note with those hard copies as your hw2.