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Chapter 20

• The Roaring Twenties

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• Section 1 American Life Changes
• NEW ROLES FOR WOMEN
• In 1920 women finally won the right to vote.
• A number of women were soon elected to state and
  local offices.
• However, women as voters did not cause great
  changes in the nation.
• Other new roles did. Many women took low-paying
  jobs during the booming 1920s.
• As the rules for proper female behavior began
  changing, some women looked for more equality in
  their relationships with men.
• The flapper became the symbol of the 1920s.
• Flappers defied tradition by cutting their hair
  (bob), wearing makeup, and promoting a lifestyle
  of independence and freedom.

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• EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION
• The 1920s prosperity did not include farmers.
• Many people left farms for cities.
• For the first time in history, more Americans
  lived in urban areas than in rural areas.
• The automobile allowed rural people to spend more
  time in urban areas and the urban areas grew.
• As the population shifted to the cities, states
  began requiring that children attend school.
• As industry grew, people earned more and could
  afford to send their children to high school and
  college.

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• CONFLICTS OVER VALUES
• The population shift to the cities produced a
  change in values.
• Values are the key ideas and beliefs a person
  holds.
• The values of urban Americans differed from the
  values of rural dwellers.
• Many people felt rural values represented
  traditional America hard-working, self-reliant,
  religious, and independent.
• Some felt that cities represented change that
  threatened those values.
• Uncertainty led to fundamentalism, or a strict
  interpretation of the Bible.

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• Tough-talking Billy Sunday and glamorous Aimee
  Semple McPherson were well-known fundamentalist
  preachers.
• The most controversial of Darwins ideas is known
  as evolution.
• (Essay - Briefly state which issues were at the
  center of the trial of John Scopes.)
• In Tennessee, fundamentalists outlawed the
  teaching of evolution, the theory that
  populations change over time and new species
  arise.
• A science teacher, John Scopes, was put on trial
  for violating the law.

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• Criminal lawyer Clarence Darrow represented
  Scopes and stated the case was about freedom of
  speech. William Jennings Bryan, a champion of
  rural values, called it a contest between
  Christianity and evolution. Scopes was convicted
  and fined 100.

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• PROHIBITION
• In 1920, the Volstead Act became law.
• It enforced the recently passed Eighteenth
  Amendment, which outlawed making, transporting,
  or selling alcohol.
• The ban was known as Prohibition.
• Many people believed this would have a good
  effect on society.
• However, liquor smugglers, or bootleggers, snuck
  alcohol through the ports and borders. Many
  people continued to drink, sometimes in illegal
  bars called speakeasies.
• Law-enforcement agents could not keep up with the
  smugglers.

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• The illegal liquor business funded the criminal
  activities of gangsters such as Al Capone.
• During Prohibition, the largest industry in
  Detroit, Michigan was automobile manufacturing.

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• Section 2 The Harlem Renaissance
• THE GREAT MIGRATION
• In the early 1900s, life was still hard for
  African Americans in the South.
• There was much poverty and racial violence.
• During World War I many jobs opened up in the
  North, African Americans moved North by the
  thousands.
• This became known as the Great Migration.
• After the war, when African American soldiers
  returned from serving in World War I, they found
  a shortage of jobs and racial violence grew with
  the lack of jobs.

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• LIFE IN HARLEM
• Harlem is a neighborhood in New York City.
• Harlem became the unofficial capital of African
  American culture and activism in the United
  States in the 1920s.
• Thousands of African Americans lived there in the
  1920s.
• It became a center for African American culture
  and activism.
• In 1909 W.E.B. Du Bois helped found the National
  Association for the Advancement of Colored People
  (NAACP), which worked to end discrimination and
  mistreatment of African Americans.

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• He also edited a magazine, The Crisis, for black
  writers and poets.
• This helped make Harlem a center for literature.
• Marcus Garvey founded the Universal Negro
  Improvement Association, or UNIA.
• He believed in blacks helping other blacks,
  without the help of whites.
• He also wanted to build up African American
  economic success in order to support the idea
  that African Americans should move to Africa and
  there create a new empire.
• This went against the ideas of Du Bois and the
  NAACP.

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• Each organization criticized the other.
• In 1925 Garvey was sent to jail for mail fraud.
• When he was released, two years later, he was
  forced to leave the country, and UNIA collapsed.

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• A RENAISSANCE IN HARLEM
• Many talented African American writers, thinkers,
  musicians, and artists came to live in Harlem and
  sparked the Harlem Renaissance, a cultural
  rebirth.
• Zora Neale Hurston was already an accomplished
  writer when she moved there in the 1920s.
• She wrote on many topics, including African
  American folklore.
• James Weldon Johnson, a journalist, teacher, and
  lawyer, wrote songs and poetry, and published
  other poets work, too.

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• Langston Hughes was an important poet who wrote
  of African American culture, black pride and
  hope.
• Besides literature, Harlem became a center of the
  performing arts.
• Actor and singer Paul Robeson won fame for
  serious roles on the stage.
• Louis Armstrong was a leading jazz performer.
• Jazz blended several musical forms from the South
  and was often composed on the spot.
• White fans traveled to Harlem to hear such great
  musicians as Armstrong, Cab Calloway, and Bessie
  Smith, one of the great blues singers.

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• Section 3 A New Culture is Born
• MASS ENTERTAINMENT IN THE 1920S
• In the 1920s Americans invented new ways to learn
  about the world and enjoy themselves.
• The radio was invented in the late 1800s.
• During the 1920s radio became widely popular.
• By 1922 there were 570 radio stations in the
  United States.
• The invention of the vacuum tube improved the
  quality of radio sound.
• Soon people were listening to music, news,
  religious services, sports, and stories.

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• The radio helped bring rural people and urban
  people closer together by giving them the same
  programs to listen to.
• They also heard the same ads and bought the same
  products.
• Movies were another form of mass entertainment
  that became popular in the 1920s.
• During World War I, moviemaker D. W. Griffith had
  used advanced techniques to show that movies
  could be a form of art.
• Up until 1927, movies were silent.
• Words on the screen described the story as music
  was played in the theater.

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• In 1927 the first movie with sound came out and
  swept the country.
• The following year the first animated star was
  born Mickey Mouse.

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• AN ERA OF HEROES
• In the 1920s a new kind of celebrity was born
  the movie star.
• One of the first silent film stars was Charlie
  Chaplin.
• People laughed at his signature character, the
  tramp.
• Fan magazines followed romantic movie stars like
  Rudolph Valentino and Clara Bow, and Hollywood,
  California, became the center of the motion
  picture industry.
• Not all heroes came from the screen.
• When he made the first solo, nonstop
  transatlantic (across the Atlantic Ocean) flight,
  Charles A. Lindbergh became a hero to millions.

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• A little more than a year later, Amelia Earhart
  became the first woman to fly across the
  Atlantic.
• Earhart also set other records.
• Radio brought sporting events to people, too.
• Sports heroes such as baseballs Babe Ruth and
  tenniss Helen Wills became some of the most
  famous and wealthy people in the world.

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• ARTS OF THE 1920S
• The economic and social changes of the 1920s gave
  authors much to write about. F. Scott Fitzgerald
  is closely linked to the 1920s.
• His books drew detailed pictures of life at that
  time, often including glamorous characters.
• Sinclair Lewis wrote about the empty lives of the
  middle class of the time and the cost of success.
  
• Women such as poet Edna St. Vincent Millay and
  novelists Willa Cather and Edith Wharton had much
  to say.
• Some writers had been deeply affected by World
  War I.

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• Ernest Hemingway and John Dos Passos wrote about
  their war experiences, among other things.
• Many of them chose to live in Paris and came to
  be called the Lost Generation.
• George Gershwin wrote music.
• He is remembered for Rhapsody in Blue.
• This piece, written for an orchestra, showed the
  powerful impact of jazz music.
• Gershwin also wrote popular songs with his
  brother, Ira.

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