Pub Health 4310 Health Hazards in Industry

1
Pub Health 4310Health Hazards in Industry

• John Flores
• Lecture 1
• Introduction and History

2
Overview

• Syllabus
• Lists subject matter and required readings
• Course Description
• Format
• Lecture, discussions
• Field Trips
• Short Reports for each field trip
• Exams (Four)
• Course Content and Area of Emphasis
• Industry definitions and terms
• Discussion of specific industry hazards
• Site visits to identify real workplace hazards

3
Overview

• Location BNR- 314
• Time M, W, F from 830 920 A.M.
• Instructor John Flores
• Contact Information
• Office BNR 321
• Office Hours To be posted, but if Im there
  just knock
• Phone [phone]
• Email jflores_at_biology.usu.edu

4
Overview

• Readings
• Required Text
• Recognition of Health Hazards in Industry, a
  review of materials and processes by William A.
  Burgess (Available at University Bookstore)
• The Occupational Environment Its Evaluation
  and Control AIHA Press
• Supplemental Reading from websites or newspaper
  articles.
• Grading
• 4 1-hr exams worth 100 points each 400 pts
• Final exam worth 300 points (mandatory) 300 pts
• 6 Field Trips (attend at least 5 10 points/field
  trip) 50 pts
• 5 mini-reports, 20 points each 100 pts
• Lab attendance, 10 pts each for 5 labs 50 pts
• Complete lab work assignments 100 pts
• Total 1000 pts

5
Overview

• Determination of Final Grade
• Letter Grade of Total Points
• A gt92
• A- 90 - 92
• B 86 - lt90
• B 82 - lt86
• B- 80 - lt82
• C 76 - lt80
• C 72 - lt76
• C- 70 - lt72
• D 66 - lt70
• D 60 - lt66
• F lt60
• Test Content and Format
• Test questions from class lectures and assigned
  readings
• Each exam will cover information since preceding
  exam
• Final exam will cover first 4 exams and
  information since the last exam
• (75 from first 4 exams, and 25 from material
  since last exam)

6
Overview

• Field Trips
• 6 times during the semester we will go on a field
  trip. I will try to get a van, but we may have
  to car pool. Each field trip is worth 10 points,
  5 are required, but this gives you an opportunity
  to get 10 points extra credit.
• Field Trip Reports
• 5 reports are required at 20 pts each, but 6
  reports can be completed for up to 20 extra
  credit points.
• Purpose of reports To determine what hazards
  stood out in your mind, and what next steps as an
  IH you want to take
• Include at least 3 paragraphs. Report should be
  1-2 pages, more than 2 pages will not get you a
  better grade, you might even lose points. Most
  managers wont take the time to read more than a
  2 page report.
• Paragraph 1 brief summary of what the company
  does
• Paragraph 2 ID the 5 major hazards you noticed
• Paragraph 3 What are the next steps to address
  each hazard.

7
Industrial Hygiene

• What is industrial hygiene?
• The science of anticipation, recognition,
  evaluation, and control of workplace conditions
  that may cause injury or illness to workers.
• It is also an art.
• Safety vs. Industrial Hygiene
• Safety worries about what will hurt you right
  now.
• Industrial hygiene has to consider those things
  that will hurt you right now, but has to be
  especially concerned with what can you be exposed
  to today that is going to impede or impair you in
  the future.
• Course Focus
• Anticipation and recognition of potential
  hazards, the evaluation and control will come
  later.

8
A History of Occupational Health and Safety

• Learning Goals
• Understand how and why the social goal of
  providing occupational health and safety (OHS)
  protection services is an on-going activity with
  a long and sporadic history of accomplishments.
• Be able to identify at least one name and their
  contributions to OHS in the time frames of
  500-3000 years ago, 100-500 years ago, and in the
  last 100 years.
• Be familiar with the major pieces of OHS
  legislation in the United States.
• Be able to differentiate among the alphabet soup
  of OHS organizations including OSHA, NIOSH, ABIH,
  ACGIH, and AIHA.

9
A History of Occupational Health and Safety

• Early History (3000 to 200 years ago)
• Prehistoric speculations Survival was (and still
  can be) the ultimate occupational disease.
  Concerns with acute health and safety hazards
  were addressed at an individual, family, and/or
  tribal level. The development of agriculture and
  domesticated livestock lead to settlements and
  the Neolithic Revolution.
• Social and economic stratification occurs in
  every society. The lowest socio-economic strata
  do the dirtiest jobs (most objectionable,
  irritating, and/or hazardous).
• Historically, ones "occupational" specialization
  had either political, economic, or/and social
  bases.
• Forced labors of the slave, prisoner, or
  criminal.
• Transition from slavery, to serfdom, to economic
  pay for work completed.
• Stigmas against manual labor versus practicing
  arts and crafts.
• Low value of individual employees (like
  interchangeable parts no training investment) is
  slowly being supplanted by recognized value in
  knowledge and experience.
• Acceptance of a high fatality rate corresponded
  to the value of high birth rates and child labor.
• Prestige of certain "high-risk" occupations
  continues through today.

10
A History of Occupational Health and Safety

• Early History (3000 to 200 years ago)
• Events and people reporting an interest in
  occupational health during the Classical era were
  sporadic.
• Hippocrates (about 460-370 BC)
• Has been called the "Father of Medicine" and
  alluded to occupationally caused ailments
  although his focus was on the health of citizens
  not workers.
• Recognized and recorded lead toxicity in miners
  but history shows no evidence that he also
  provided preventive follow-up.
• Pliny the Elder (23-77 AD) Plinius Caecilius
  Secundus
• Roman scholar and naturalist, who described the
  use of bladder-derived respirators for protection
  of cinnabar dusts and vapors (HgS and Hg), and
  lead.
• He died investigating the eruption of Vesuvius.

11
A History of Occupational Health and Safety

• Early History (3000 to 200 years ago)
• Medieval period in Europe (500-1500 AD) was
  characterized by a broad disinterest in science
  generally including the etiology of disease.
  ref Indr. Med. Surg. Sept 1962
• Only widely scattered reports of recognized or
  recorded hazards, but there was no social,
  intellectual, political or economic push for
  change.
• Guilds (medieval group of craftsmen) were
  reported to have developed assistance programs
  for disabled members and their families.

12
A History of Occupational Health and Safety

• Early History (3000 to 200 years ago)
• Renaissance writings (1500-1800 AD) show a slow
  recognition of the social interest in worker
  health but not an economic interest as skilled
  workers.
• Ulrich Ellenbog (1473) recognized that vapors of
  some metals were dangerous (Pb and Hg)
• Georgius Agricola (1494-1555), a physician, wrote
  "De Re Metallica" (1556) that describes
  silicosis, respirators, and ventilation of metal
  mines, smelting, and refining in Bohemia (Czeck.)
• Paracelsus (1493-1541) (Aureolus Theophrastus
  Bombastus von Hohenheim) worldly vagabond
  physician of central Europe, authored a treatise
  (published in 1567, 26 years after his death) on
  the etiology and medical treatment of various
  mining and smelting diseases in Austria.
• Bernardo Ramazzini (1633-1714, Italy) a.k.a. The
  father of occupational medicine, was a well
  established physician-researcher who studied
  work-related diseases in/around Padua, Italy.
• "De Morbis Artificum Diatriba" (Diseases of
  Workers - 1700) discussed about 100 occupations,
  their hazards, diseases, but focused more on
  therapy than prevention.
• Taught Of what trade are you?" as an integral
  physicians question about a patient.
• Percival Pott (1713-1788, England) conducted an
  epidemiological study that recognized soot and
  lack of hygiene as causes of scrotal cancer among
  chimney sweeps
• His work helped create the "Chimney Sweepers Act
  of 1788," the first of a long and continuing
  series of health related legislative acts.
• Charles Thackrah authors the first English book
  on Occupational Medicine (1830).

13
A History of Occupational Health and Safety

• Early beginnings of occupational health
  legislation (19th century)
• The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain spawns
  industries, urbanization, the printing press and
  newspapers, and writers and speakers who created
  social interest groups who created political
  pressures, which lead to legislative remedies.
• Growth of industrial technologies (coal, steel,
  steam, textiles, mass production) also created
  additional hazards of fire, accidents, and more
  toxic effects.
• A shift from rural agricultural employment to
  urban industrial employment created a society of
  people having economic dependence on an employer
  instead of being a freeman with village support.
• Technology in the form of the printing press and
  newspapers lead to the development of urban
  social consciousness, political organizations,
  the American and French revolutions, and the
  spawning of organized labor unions.

14
A History of Occupational Health and Safety

• Early beginnings of occupational health
  legislation (19th century)
• The Early English Factory Acts (1833-1878) were
  directed toward worker protection (e.g., child
  labor, fire prevention, sanitation, and injuries
  from accidents).
• It authorized a "Factory Inspectorate" that still
  exists today.
• Required medical certification for children to
  work (resulting in birth registration in 1837)
  and later for workers in other trades.
• Later application of these Acts were directed
  toward health hazards from lead paint, yellow
  phosphorus (early matches), and carbon disulfide
  (a rubber vulcanizer).
• American occupational health intervention
  programs temporally paralleled those in Britain
  but were largely State initiated
• Massachusetts Child Labor Law (1835) which did
  not have policing powers until 1867
• However, no state (or prior Federal) agency had
  the powers of todays OSHA.

15
A History of Occupational Health and Safety

• Modern History (essentially the 20th Century)
• Protecting the injured worker, Workers
  Compensation
• Had its beginnings in the early 20th century,
• It is a mechanism to supplement victim or family
  for loss of gainful employment without needing to
  sue the employer
• This thinking preceded the development of cost
  saving programs in both safety and health.
• Historically, to receive compensation under
  common-law, the employee must sue the employer
  and must prove negligence on the part of the
  employer.
• The employers had two strong defenses
• assumption of known risk by the employee (an
  implied contract), and
• contributory negligence by the employee or a
  co-worker.

16
A History of Occupational Health and Safety

• Modern History (essentially the 20th Century)
• Workers Compensation (cont.)
• Statutory legislation placed limited financial
  responsibility (in terms of a set schedule of
  payments) on the employer without their
  assumption of fault (in essence, a "no-fault"
  insurance system).
• Time lines and geographic progression of early
  workers compensation legislation
• 1881 Switzerland
• 1882 Germany
• 1897 England (in terms of comprehensive
  coverage)
• 1906 U.S. legislation covering railroad workers
  (interstate commerce authority)
• was litigated for 6 yrs.
• 1908 Federal employees were partly covered
  expanded in 1916.
• 1911 States begin to pass compensation laws 42
  states by 1920.
• 1948 Mississippi was last state to adopt
  workers compensation legislation.

17
A History of Occupational Health and Safety

• Modern History (essentially the 20th Century)
• Workers compensation and disease
• Occupational diseases lagged behind compensation
  for injuries because they were thought to be rare
  and restricted to isolated industries, like
  mining and metal processing.
• Inclusion of compensation for a small number of
  specific diseases was delayed only slightly
  (Hawaii, 1917 California 1918). ref. Federal
  Task Force report, 1973.
• The list of "scheduled" diseases expanded greatly
  following a series of state and Federally funded
  reports by Dr. Alice Hamilton (1915-25).
• Recognition of the full spectrum of occupational
  diseases continues to lag behind the expanding
  introduction of new organic chemicals and the
  slow development of epidemiological associations
  between exposure and disease.
• Disease recognition and compensation continue to
  be a legal issue.
• For example, as a result of Froude v.
  Eagle-Picher (First Circuit Court of Appeals,
  82-869 and 82-1097) liability for delayed
  diseases such as lung cancer begins at the time
  the disease manifests (not upon exposure or
  termination from work this concept also applies
  to 3rd party and product liability suits).

18
A History of Occupational Health and Safety

• Modern History (essentially the 20th Century)
• OSHA was established from the 1970
  William-Steiger Act (PL 91-596) which was a
  result of workplace deaths, injuries, illnesses,
  and a lack of comprehensive and consistent health
  and safety programs at the state and local level.
• Through this act, OSHA was established within
  the Department of Labor, while NIOSH (formerly
  the Dept of IH of the USPHS) was established
  within the Department of Health and Human
  Services.
• OSHA has since funded numerous state activities
  and organizations.
• In particular, the Federal government funds state
  cooperative OSHA programs (5050 for OSHA
  compliance and 9010 for OSHA consultation).
• About 50 of states now administer their own OSHA
  program.

19
A History of Occupational Health and Safety

• Modern History (essentially the 20th Century)
• The history of governmental occupational health
  and safety agencies preceding OSHA started after
  the Civil War.
• 1884 Bureau of Labor formed within the
  Department of Interior
• 1888 An independent Department of Labor was
  formed without cabinet status
• 1903 Department of Commerce and Labor formed.
• 1910 Prohibitive tax for using white phosphorus
  matches was issued to protect workers.
• 1913 Department of Labor formed (mining was
  still in Interior for over 60 years).
• 1966 Metal and Nonmetallic Mine Safety Act was
  passed.
• 1968 Farmington W.Va. coal mine explosion and
  fire kills over 80 miners.
• 1969 Coal Mine Safety Health Law was passed
  initially administered by Bureau of Mines.
• 1970 Williams-Steiger Act, PL 91-596, "The
  Occupational Safety and Health Act" created
  OSHA.
• 1973 MESA (Mining Enforcement and Safety
  Administration) formed within Dept. of Interior.
• 1976 Toxic Substances Control Act and Resource
  Conservation and Recovery Act admin. by EPA.
• 1977 MESA became MSHA.
• 1980 Comprehensive Environmental Response,
  Compensation, and Liability Act.

Phossy Jaw" by AE Miles, British Dental Journal
1972, Vol 133 203-6
20
A History of Occupational Health and Safety

• Modern History (essentially the 20th Century)
• The history of governmental training and research
  organizations preceding NIOSH (now part of Dept.
  of Health and Human Services) was largely similar
  to OSHA but with perhaps more but smaller
  increments.
• 1798 U.S. Marine Hospital Service, predecessor
  of U.S. Public Health Service.
• 1912-14 Office of Industrial Hygiene Sanitation
  was formed. Illinois funds Alice Hamilton.
• 1924 New Jersey studies the deaths of radium
  watch dial painters.
• 1930 The Hawks Nest tunnel construction begins
  in Gauley Bridge, W. Va. kills 476 by 1935
  (this contributed to the passage of the
  Walsh-Healey Act of 1936).
• 1937 Division of Industrial Hygiene within the
  National Institute of Health, USPHS.
• 1943-44 Consolidation of USPHS laws established a
  Division of Occupational Health.
• 1953 Department of Health, Education, and
  Welfare formed (incl. the USPHS).
• 1970 Williams-Steiger Act, aka PL 91-596 or The
  Occupational Safety and Health Act creates NIOSH
• 1979 Department of Health and Human Services
  formed (included the USPHS).

21
A History of Occupational Health and Safety

• Modern History (essentially the 20th Century)
• The history of "non-governmental" health and
  safety organizations followed legislative and
  legal changes, not all of which were directed
  explicitly toward health and safety issues.
• 1913 National Council for Industrial Safety
  (became National Safety Council in 1915) formed
  in response to Workers Compensation legislation.
• 1915 American Public Health Association formed
  an "industrial hygiene" section.
• 1916 American Occupational Medical Association.
• 1925 Dr. Alice Hamilton (physician,
  toxicologist, and possibly the "first" American
  industrial hygienist) publishes "Industrial
  Poisons in the United States" (see also her
  autobiography Exploring the Dangerous Trades,"
  1943).
• 1935 Social Security Act included provisions
  (Title III) for the USPHS to make grants-in- aid
  for I.H. research that established a corps of
  expertise and funded state I.H. programs (which
  were largely only "advisory," i.e., without
  compliance authority).
• 1935 The Wagner Act (aka the National Labor
  Relations Act or the NLRA) guaranteed to
  employees the right to form labor organizations
  (unions), and to bargain collectively created
  the National Labor Relations Board to regulate
  unfair labor practices by employers.

22
A History of Occupational Health and Safety

• Modern History (essentially the 20th Century)
• The history of "non-governmental" health and
  safety organizations (cont.)
• 1936 The Walsh-Healey Act established labor
  safety and health requirements for government
  contractors. Standards were to be (and still are)
  adopted as recommended by government "advisors."
  A group of governmental industrial hygienists
  organized a "conference" for health matters that
  became the ACGIH.
• 1938 ACGIH - the American Conference of
  Governmental Industrial Hygienists initially was
  formed to develop and maintain the TLV list (for
  use in the Walsh-Healey Act) ACGIH is still
  largely limited to government and university
  IHs.
• 1939 AIHA - the American Industrial Hygiene
  Association formed a professional society open
  to all practitioners (but in practical terms and
  demography is industry dominated).
• 1942 The American Association of Industrial
  Nurses was formed.
• 1947 The Taft-Hartley Act (aka the
  Labor-Management Relations Act of 1947) amended
  the NLRA to put certain restrictions on the
  rights and obligations of labor unions.
• 1960 The American Board of Industrial Hygienists
  ABIH formed as a non- governmentally recognized
  certification body. CIHs automatically became a
  member of the Academy of IH (which is now a
  sort-of super committee within AIHA).

23
A History of Occupational Health and Safety

• General historical timeline since the American
  Industrial Revolution
• 1798 U.S. Marine Hospital Service, predecessor of
  U.S. Public Health Service.
• 1884 Bureau of Labor formed within the Department
  of Interior
• 1888 An independent Department of Labor was
  formed without cabinet status
• 1903 Department of Commerce and Labor formed.
• 1910 Prohibitive tax on white phosphorus matches
  was issued to protect worker health.
• 1912-14 Office of Industrial Hygiene Sanitation
  was formed. Illinois funds Alice Hamilton.
• 1913 National Council for Industrial Safety
  (became National Safety Council in 1915) formed
  in response to Workers Compensation legislation.
• 1913 Department of Labor formed (mining was still
  in Interior for over 60 years).
• 1915 American Public Health Association formed an
  "industrial hygiene" section.
• 1916 American Occupational Medical Association
  forms.
• 1924 New Jersey studies the deaths of radium
  watch dial painters.
• 1925 Dr. Alice Hamilton (physician,
  toxicologist, and possibly the "first" American
  industrial hygienist) publishes "Industrial
  Poisons in the United States" (see also her
  autobiography Exploring the Dangerous Trades,"
  1943).

24
A History of Occupational Health and Safety

• General historical timeline since the American
  Industrial Revolution
• 1930 The Hawks Nest tunnel construction begins in
  Gauley Bridge, W. Va. kills 476 by 1935 (this
  event contributed to the passage of the
  Walsh-Healey Act of 1936).
• 1935 Social Security Act included provisions
  (Title III) for the USPHS to make grants-in-aid
  for I.H. research that established a corps of
  expertise and funded state I.H. programs (which
  were largely only "advisory," i.e., without
  compliance authority).
• 1935 The Wagner Act (aka the National Labor
  Relations Act or the NLRA) guaranteed to
  employees the right to form labor organizations
  (unions), and to bargain collectively created
  the National Labor Relations Board to regulate
  unfair labor practices by employers.
• 1936 The Walsh-Healey Act established labor
  safety and health requirements for government
  contractors. Standards were to be (and still are)
  adopted as recommended by government "advisors."
  
• 1936 A group of governmental industrial
  hygienists organized a "conference" for health
  matters that became the ACGIH.
• 1937 Division of Industrial Hygiene within the
  National Institute of Health, USPHS.

25
A History of Occupational Health and Safety

• General historical timeline since the American
  Industrial Revolution
• 1938 ACGIH - the American Conference of
  Governmental Industrial Hygienists initially was
  formed to develop and maintain the TLV list (for
  use in the Walsh-Healey Act) ACGIH is still
  largely limited to government and university
  IHs.
• 1939 AIHA - the American Industrial Hygiene
  Association formed a professional society open
  to all practitioners (but in practical terms and
  demography is industry dominated).
• 1942 The American Association of Industrial
  Nurses was formed.
• 1943-44 Consolidation of USPHS laws established a
  Division of Occupational Health.
• 1947 The Taft-Hartley Act (aka the
  Labor-Management Relations Act of 1947) amended
  the NLRA to put certain restrictions on the
  rights and obligations of labor unions.
• 1953 Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
  formed and became part of USPHS.
• 1960 The American Board of Industrial Hygienists
  ABIH formed as a non- governmentally recognized
  certification body. CIHs automatically became a
  member of the Academy of IH (which is now a
  sort-of super committee within AIHA).
• 1966 Metal and Nonmetallic Mine Safety Act was
  passed.

26
A History of Occupational Health and Safety

• General historical timeline since the American
  Industrial Revolution
• 1968 Farmington W.Va. coal mine explosion and
  fire kills over 80 miners.
• 1969 Coal Mine Safety and Health Law was passed
  initially administered by Bureau of Mines.
• 1970 Williams-Steiger Act, PL 91-596, "The
  Occupational Safety and Health Act" created OSHA
  and used standards used from the Walsh-Healy Act
  (1968 TLVs)
• 1970 Williams-Steiger Act, aka PL 91-596 or The
  Occupational Safety and Health Act creates NIOSH
  from the Division of IH of the USPHS
• 1973 MESA (Mining Enforcement and Safety
  Administration) formed within Dept. of Interior.
• 1976 Toxic Substances Control Act and Resource
  Conservation and Recovery Act admin. by EPA.
• 1977 MESA became MSHA.
• 1979 Department of Health and Human Services
  formed (incl. the USPHS).
• 1980 Comprehensive Environmental Response,
  Compensation, and Liability Act.

27
A History of Occupational Health and Safety

• The history of occupational health and safety can
  be summarized as
• sporadic but mostly active in the last half of
  the 20th Century, spurred
• on by increasing rates of change of
• industrial processes and agents that could create
  adverse effects
• health surveillance and medical technologies to
  detect, to associate, and in some cases to treat
  adverse health effects
• social settings, expectations, and organizations
  (political, legal, and unions) first strive for
  wages and the organizations' right to exist, then
  to gain access to medical services for workers,
  and most recently for health protection services
• governmental regulations (largely transient,
  sporadic, and in response to political pressures)
  that addressed child labor protection, birth
  certificates, workers compensation, union
  protections, social security, and eventually
  comprehensive worker health and safety
  protection
• labor management relations confluence based on
  increased investment in training, negotiations on
  health and safety, joint labor management
  committees on health and safety, and even
  community right-to-know.

28
A History of Occupational Health and Safety

• General historical references
• C. Lenz, Occupational Medicine Principles
  Practical Applications "Industrial Health and
  Medical Programs USPHS Pub. No. 15, Sep. 1950.
  or see M.C. Klem, M.F. McKiever, and W.J. Lear
  Industrial Health Programs. Public Health
  Service Publ. No. 15, Sep. 1950.
• J. Corn, Historical Aspects of Industrial Hygiene
  - I Changing Attitudes Toward Occupational
  Health. AIHAJ. 39695-699 (1978).
• M. Corn The Progression of Industrial Hygiene.
  Appl. Indr. Hyg. 4(6)153-157, 1989.
• D. Rhodes and C. Blanton Alice Hamilton
  Occupational Safety and Health Legend.
  Professional Safety. 35(8)11-15, 1990.
• B.W. Mintz Disorder and Early Sorrow in the OSHA
  Program. Am.Indr.Hyg.Assoc. 50(2)A96-A108, 1989.
• R.J. Sherwood Agricola Revisited Identification
  and Control of Hazards in the 16th Century. Part
  I Am.Indr.Hyg.Assoc. 55(2)118-124, 1994 Part
  II Am.Indr.Hyg.Assoc. 55(3)202-205, 1994 Part
  IIII Am.Indr.Hyg.Assoc. 55(4)305-307, 1994.
• See the history of NLRA at http//encarta.msn.com/
  index/conciseindex/54/05454000.htm .