AJ 50

1
AJ 50 Introduction to Administration of Justice

• Chapter 4 -
• Policing Purpose
• and Organization

2
The Police Mission

• What are the main purposes of Police?
• Enforce Laws
• Investigate Crimes/Arrest Offenders
• Prevent Crime
• Keep the Peace
• Serve the Community

3
Law Enforcement

• Responsible for enforcing federal, state, and
  local laws
• Traditional role as crime fighters
• Majority of time spent on non-emergency calls for
  service
• Only 10 - 20 of calls require law enforcement
• Enforcement priorities come from Departments
• Role Models of society
• Held to higher ethical standard
• On and off-duty behavior always being judged

4
Investigation and Arrest

• Most law enforcement response and activity is
  REACTIVE
• Something happens, someone calls, police respond
  to call
• Rare to intervene in crime actually in progress
• Phases of Investigation
• Crime occurs/someone calls police
• Patrol officer responds/investigates/writes
  report
• Report referred to Detective Bureau
• Follow-up investigation may result in arrest

5
Crime Prevention

• Anticipation, recognition, and appraisal of a
  crime risk and initiation of some action to
  eliminate or reduce it
• PROACTIVE approach to criminal activity
• Old concept, new implementation through dedicated
  resources
• Techniques
• Access control, theft-deterrence, lighting,
  landscaping, CPTED
• Programs
• Operation ID, Neighborhood Watch, Crime Stoppers

6
Keeping the Peace

• What is a cops official title in CA?
• Peace Officer (PC 830.1)
• High priority of maintaining Peace and Order in
  society
• Enforcement of Quality-of-Life Offenses
• Minor or petty offenses that tend to disrupt
  maintenance of peaceful existence
• Disturbing the Peace (415 PC)
• Loitering/Panhandling
• Vandalism/Graffiti
• Public Drinking/Intoxication/Drug Use
• Broken Windows Theory

7
Serving the Community

• Direct public access to police services just a
  phone call away!
• 10-20 of calls actual emergencies, majority are
  calls for service
• Lost and found
• Minor accidents
• Barking dogs, other disturbances
• Suspicious persons/circumstances
• Check the welfare

8
Levels of Police Jurisdiction

• Federal Departments (page 115)
• Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Homeland
  Security, Interior, Justice, Labor, State,
  Transportation, Treasury, US Postal Service
• Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
• Mission Statement
• Protect and defend US against terrorist threats
• Uphold and enforce criminal laws
• Provide leadership and criminal justice services
• 56 field offices, 400 satellite offices

9
Levels of Police Jurisdiction

• State-Level Agencies
• Most state police agencies formed as link between
  federal and local jurisdictions
• CA State Police Agencies
• ABC, CHP, Fish Game, State Parks, State
  University Police

10
Levels of Police Jurisdiction

• Local Agencies
• City (Police) and County (Sheriff) departments
  responsible for local law enforcement services
• Police primary jurisdiction within city limits
• Sheriff primary jurisdiction within
  unincorporated areas of county
• Some smaller cities contract with local Sheriff
  for police services
• Sheriff responsible for jail operations, prisoner
  transportation, and court services

11
Police Administration

• Management responsible for
• Directing, coordinating, controlling
• Personnel, resources, and activities
• In crime prevention, apprehension of criminals,
  recovery of stolen property, and community
  service
• Managers are usually sworn personnel who have
  promoted to higher ranks

12
Police Organization and Structure

• Line Operations
• Field Operations
• Activities devoted to day-to-day police work
• Staff Operations
• Support Services
• Administration, Human Resources, Training
• Chain-of-Command
• Hierarchical line of communication and authority
  between higher and lower levels (ranks)
• Quasi-military structure and organization
• Span-of-Control
• Number of personnel or units under one
  supervisors authority

13
Epochs of Policing(Refer to chart, page 126)

• Political Era 1840s1930s
• Police served interests of politicians in power
• Spoils Era
• Reform Era 1930s1970s
• Professional model of policing removed police
  from political influence
• Vollmers reforms
• Community-Policing Era 1970sPresent Day
• Focus on needs of Community
• Cooperative effort, working with community
• Homeland-Security Era 2001Present Day
• Focus on prevention of terrorism
• Increased cooperation between agencies/jurisdictio
  ns

14
Policing Styles

• Watchman Style
• Concern for law-and-order maintenance
• Crime control more important than crime
  prevention
• Legalistic Style
• Strict enforcement of Letter of the Law
• May ignore other social problems
• Service Style
• Focus on helping rather than strict enforcement
• Social-assistance, drug-treatment programs, etc.

15
Police-Community Relations

• Evolved out of civil unrest of 1960s
• Effort to re-unite Police and Community
• Police and Community must work together
• Police derive legitimacy from Community
• Focus on positive Police-Community relations
• Less emphasis on apprehending criminals
• PCR Programs
• Crime Prevention/Property Identification
• Neighborhood Watch
• Drug Awareness
• Victims Assistance

16
Team Policing

• Developed in 60s and 70s as extension of PCR
  model
• Maintained specific team of officers in same
  geographical area (beat)
• Benefits?
• Beat integrity
• Familiarization with people/area
• Trust and cooperation
• Officers allowed to handle full investigations

17
Evolution of Community Policing

• Strategic Policing
• Traditional goal of enforcement using innovative
  enforcement techniques
• Intelligence, Undercover Ops., Surveillance,
  Forensics
• Problem-Oriented Policing
• Address underlying social problems as
  contributors to crime/criminal behavior
• Cooperation between agencies to attack overall
  problem
• Community Policing
• Based on cooperative partnership between Police
  and Community
• Attempt to reduce crime/fear of crime and improve
  quality of life for members of community

18
Community Policing

• Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act
  (1994)
• Funding, Training, Technology
• Goals of Community Policing
• Police and Community work together
• Identify/address needs of Community
• Allow Community more say in prioritizing problems
  and how Police respond to them
• Proactive vs. Reactive approach to crime
• DOJ created COPS to administer funds
• 100,000 CP Officers by 1999
• Additional 500 million made available for 50,000
  more
• 2002 Homeland Security through Community
  Policing

19
Obstacles to Community Policing

• Some communities/community members remain
  dissatisfied with police services
• Distrustful of changes
• Disagreement over priority of community needs
• Power of Police Subculture
• Some departments/officers unwilling to change
  from traditional roles of LE
• Still see primary role as crime fighter and
  success measured by number of arrests, citations,
  etc.
• May offer CP programs but not truly supportive
• Resentment and hostility sometimes mutual

20
Law Enforcement Support

• LEAA (1969-1982)
• Attempt to combat crime through funding of crime
  prevention programs
• Expired after 8 billion spent/no significant
  impact
• Scientific Police Management (1970s)
• Application of social sciences to police
  administration
• Increase police effectiveness
• Decrease citizen complaints
• Enhance use of available resources
• Evidence-Based Policing (EBP)
• Using research as evidence for evaluating police
  practices and to guide decision-making

21
Kansas City Experiment (1974)

• Year-long study of Preventive Patrol
• Southern part of city divided into 15 beats
• 5 no change in patrol services
• 5 patrol officers/services doubled
• 5 no patrol service, response to calls only
• Citizens not notified of experiment/changes
• Results
• No impact on preventable crimes
• Citizens unaware of change in patrol services
• No impact on fear of crime, per citizen survey
• Effects
• Directed Patrol
• Call Prioritization

22
Discretion of Individual Officers

• The opportunity to exercise choice in daily
  activities and decisions
• Where/how to patrol
• Who to stop/detain
• When to warn/cite/arrest
• Discretion of individual officers is arguably
  more important than department policy!

23
Factors That AffectDiscretionary Decision-Making

• Officers background
• Personal values, prejudices, etc.
• Suspects characteristics
• Age, gender, socio-economic status, etc.
• Department policy
• Strict, loose, mandatory arrests, etc.
• Community interest
• Concerns with certain behaviors/crimes

24
Factors That AffectDiscretionary Decision-Making

• Pressure from victims
• Cooperative, uncooperative, victim assistance
• Disagreement with certain laws
• Public opinion, minor violations
• Available alternatives
• Treatment programs, counseling services
• Personal beliefs/practices of officer
• Off-duty behavior may affect outlook