Crop Adaptation and Distribution.

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Unit 2

• Crop Adaptation and Distribution.

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Early cultivation of crops

• Derived from local wild strains.
• First species were grasses (cereals).
• Wheat, barley first, Persian Gulf area around
  10,000 years ago.
• About 7000 years ago Rice in Asia, corn in
  central America.

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Early cultivation of crops

• About 5500 years ago, sorghums and millets in
  Africa.
• 5000 years ago, rye in SW Asia.
• 3000 years ago, oats in Europe.
• Cotton first cultivated in India, Egypt, Africa
  and the Americas about 5500 years ago.
• Latest species domesticated?

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Factors affecting crop distribution and
adaptations.

• Climate.
• Soils.
• Ecosystem organisms (insects, diseases, weeds,
  etc)
• Technology, infrastructure.
• Economics, ie., markets, demand.
• Political policies.

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Climate temperatures.

• Growing season frost ? frost.
• Artic - Sub-artic temperate sub-tropical -
  tropical.
• Large bodies of waters and ocean currents can
  buffer temperature extremes from normal.
• Combined effect of winds and temperature can
  greatly effect crop growth and yields too.

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Climate Heat Units.

• Heat unit average temps. for a day minus some
  minimum growing temp.
• DD50 (Tmax Tmin)/2 - 50 F
• DD50s used in rice mostly.
• DD60 (Tmax Tmin)/2 - 60F
• DD60s used a lot in cotton, corn.

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Climate Heat Units.

• Heat unit average temps. for a day minus some
  minimum growing temp.
• We usually add up the sum of the daily heat units
  to monitor crop growth.
• Example It takes about 55 DD60s for cotton to
  emerge after planting.

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Climate Rainfall.

• Both the total amounts and timing of rainfall
  with crop growth stage are significant to crop
  yields.
• Irrigation technology and water resources can
  allow for growing crops in moisture deficit
  areas.
• Water quality and soils can also effect crop
  yields.

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Climate Rainfall.

• Humid
• Sub-humid
• Semi-arid
• Arid
• Monsoon regions
• Geography, ie., oceans and high mountain ranges,
  can also effect rain.
• Intensity and duration also effect crops.

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Climate Light.

• Photoperiod daily light duration.
• Varies with season, distance from equator.
• Can effect crop photosynthesis and dry matter
  gain, flowering, and pressure from pests too.

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Climate Light.

• Photoperiod daily light duration.
• Shortest day of year? Dec. 21
• Longest day of year? June 21
• April 1 N. Minn. day 11 hrs
• June 21 N. Minn. day 18 hrs !

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Soil Effects Physical

• Texture
• Depth
• Density
• Internal drainage
• Erosion hazard
• Water holding capacity amount of water the soil
  can retain for crops.

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Soil Effects Chemical

• pH (acidity,alkalinity)
• Salinity
• Nutrients
• Nutrient holding capacity.
• Organic matter.
• Toxic compounds.

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USDA Land Class System

• Class I. Best there is for growing crops without
  a lot of limitations.
• Class I-IV. Capable of growing crops, although
  Class IV usually better off in pasture or
  woodlands.
• Effect management strategies and land values.

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Three major crop Belts of the U.S.

• Cotton
• Wheat
• Corn

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U.S. Land Grant System

• Major reason why U.S. agriculture is so
  efficient and advanced.
• Education, research, outreach.
• University teaching, agriculture experiment
  stations, cooperative extension services.
• U.S. recognizes crop production as vital for
  national security.

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How to succeed in college
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How to succeed in college

• Eat right, get plenty of sleep.

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How to succeed in college

• Eat right, get plenty of sleep.
• Go to class, do assignments on time.

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How to succeed in college

• Eat right, get plenty of sleep.
• Go to class, do assignments on time.
• Study every day during semester.

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How to succeed in college

• Eat right, get plenty of sleep.
• Go to class, do assignments on time.
• Study every day during semester.
• Dont hang out with losers.

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How to succeed in college

• Eat right, get plenty of sleep.
• Go to class, do assignments on time.
• Study every day during semester.
• Dont hang out with losers.
• Get in the groove, stay there.

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How to succeed in college

• Eat right, get plenty of sleep.
• Go to class, do assignments on time.
• Study every day during semester.
• Dont hang out with losers.
• Get in the groove, stay there.
• Get help if needed.

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How to succeed in college

• Eat right, get plenty of sleep.
• Go to class, do assignments on time.
• Study every day during semester.
• Dont hang out with losers.
• Get in the groove, stay there.
• Get help if needed.
• Set goals, look at the big picture.
• Get out ASAP!

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Are you a morning person?

• 68 a.m. creative.
• 8-1230 time to solve problems.
• 1230-230 NOT good for studying. Do your routine
  stuff now.
• 230-430 second wind, time to study.
• 430-10 p.m. hard to study.
• 5 p.m. or so. Best time for exercising.

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Are you a night owl?

• 10 a.m.-1 p.m. your brain kicks in, good time to
  study.
• 1-3 p.m. bad time, do routine stuff now.
• 3-6 p.m. rest, bad time for study.
• 6-11 p.m. second wind, good time to study.
• Rest your brain about an hour before going to
  bed.