Coral Reef Ecology ????? ??? ??????

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Coral Reef Ecology????? ??? ??????

• ?? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????????
  ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? (??????? ?
  ?????? ??????? ?????) ?? ????? ?????, ??? ???????
  ????? ??? ??????? ??? (???? ?????, ????? ?
  ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????).
• ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????
  ??? ????? ?? ????? .
• ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????
  ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????, ???
  ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????????
  ????? ????? ???????? Zooxamthella ?????????
  ????????? ??? ????? ????? (????????? ? ???????
  ??????? ????? ??? ....) ??????? ???? ?? ?????
  ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ??????
  ????????? .
• ???? Ecology ????? ?? ??? ?????? "Oikes" (?????
  ?????) ? Logos (???) ? ??? ????? ? ?????? ???
  ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????
  ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??.

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??? ??????

• ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????
  ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??
  ???? ?????? ????????? Biological Spectrum ????
  ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??
  ????? ???? ??????, ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??
  ?????? ???? ????? ??? ...
• ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????, ????????
  ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????
  ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????????????.
  
• ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????
  ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????
  ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????
  ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????
  ??????.

?????? ???
????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????
Systems Organs Tissues Cells Organelles Molecules
Organisms
?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????
Population Communities Ecosystems Ecosphere
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??? ??????

• ???????? Populations
• ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???
  ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????.
  ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????????
  ?????? ????? ????? ???????????? (???? ????????
  ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????
  ????????).
• ??????? Community
• ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????
  ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????
  ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????
  ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ??
  ?????.
• ?????? ?????? Ecosystem
• ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????
  ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???
  ????? ?????? ????? Biosphere.
• ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????
  ??????-
• 1- ??? ?????? ?????? Autecology
• ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???
  ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ??????. ????? ??? ??
  ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ??
  ?????????.

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??? ??????

• 2- ??? ?????? ??????? Synecology
• ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????
  ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????? ??
  ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????
  ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????.
  ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???
  ???? ?????? ????????? ???....
• ?????? ?????? ??????
• ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???
  ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????
  ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????
  ?????.
• ???????? ????? ???
• ?????? ????????? ??? N2 , O2 , C ????????? P
  ??????
• ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ? ???????????? ?
  ??????????? ???????? ???????.
• ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????
  ???????
• ???????? ?????
• ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????
  ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????
  ?????? ???

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??? ??????

• ?) ???????? Producers
• 1- ????? ??? Co2 , H2O ? ?????? ?????? ?????
  ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???.
• 2- ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????
  ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? (?????????) ??
  ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????
  ????????? ????? ??????? Autotrophs ???? ????
  ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????????
  ????????? ??????? ??????? (????? ???????), ????
  ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? Photosynthetic
  Bacteria ?? ??????? ????????? Chemosynthetic
  Bacteria ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????
  ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???
  ?????. ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????
  NO3 Nitrate ?? ??? ?????? NO2 Nitrite

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