Biology

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Biology 328 Lab

• Plants and People

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Objective

• To understand what a fruit is
• To study different parts of fruit
• To learn different types of fruits

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Background
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Different parts of a fruit

• Exocarp Outermost layer
• Endocarp Innermost layer
• Mesocarp Middle layer
• Pericarp - All three layers not recognizable
• Rind - Thick leathery covering exocarp (eg,
  water melons) or fusion of exocarp and mesocarp
  (eg. Orange)
• Accessory fruit Fruits not derived from ovary
• e.g. apple

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Classification of fruits

• Simple fruit Fruit from a single flower and
  single ovary
• Aggregate fruit Fruit from a single flower but
  several ovaries eg. Blackberry, strawberry
• Multiple fruit Fruit from multiple flowers in
  the same peduncle eg. Pineapple, Mulberry

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Simple fruits

• Dry dehiscent fruit Pericarp dries and splits
  open when ripe.
• Follicle 1 locule that splits along one suture
• e.g. Sweet gum
• Legume/pod 1 locule and splits along 2 sutures
• e.g. Beans
• Capsule 3 or more locules and splits in 3 or
  more sutures
• e.g. Okra

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Simple fruits

• Dry indehiscent fruit Pericarp dries but does
  not split when ripe
• Samara 1 or 2 seeded with pericarp flattened
  into wings e.g. maple
• Grain/Caryopsis 1 seeded fruit with seed
  fused to pericarp e.g. corn
• Achene 1 seeded fruit with seed free from
  pericarp
• e.g. sunflower
• Nut 1 seeded fruit enclosed in husk
• e.g. Pecan

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Simple fruits

• Fleshy fruit- Pericarp doesn't dry when ripe
• Berry entire pericarp is fleshy e.g. Grape
• Pepo Exocarp is a hard rind e.g. Melons
• Hesperidium Exocarp and mesocarp is a hard
  rind, endocarp has juice vesicles e.g. Orange
• Drupe or stone a single seeded fruit fuzzy or
  smooth skin, fleshy mesocarp and a hard stony
  endocarp
• e.g. Peach
• Pome Fleshy receptacle, hypanthium with papery
  pericarp e.g. Apple

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Todays Lab

• Carefully examine the fruits, paying special
  attention to their morphology, structure, family
  and scientific name, and geographic origin.
  During the exercise, answer the following
  questions for each fruit observed.
• 1. What is the fruit type?
• 2. How many carpels are present?
• 3. How might they might be dispersed in nature.

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Summary

• Todays Lab
• Types of fruits and characteristics
• Next weeks lab Major Families I
• Quiz on Fruits