Stem Cells and Cancer

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Stem Cells and Cancer
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THERAPEUTIC CLONING ORGANISM CLONING
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Reproductive cloning

Nuclear transfer
G. Daley
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Potential therapeutic uses of stem cells

• Transplantation of bone marrow for muscular
  dystrophies
• Direct injection of bone marrow stem cells for
  cardiac regeneration
• Bone marrow injections for neurodegenerative
  diseases

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What are stem cells?
Units of development and regeneration
Stem cell
Differentiated cell
Liver, blood, nerve
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What are stem cells?
Units of development and regeneration

• Why are stem cells unique?
• They are unspecialized
• The can produce more stem cells
• They can produce specialized cells

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Human development a stem cell hierarchy
Liver Gut Pancreas
Endoderm
Blood Muscle Bone
Mesoderm
Nervous system Skin
Ectoderm
Embryonic stem cells
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Developmental hierarchies the hematopoietic
system
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Embryonic versus adult

• Isolated from early embryos
• Can expand indefinitely in culture
• Can give rise to all cell types

• Isolated from adult human tissue
• Can not be expanded in culture
• Can only give rise to same tissue

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Reproductive cloning

Nuclear transfer
G. Daley
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WHY ORGANISM CLONING MIGHT NOT WORK

1. TECHNICAL REASONS---

• GENES OR CHROMOSOMES ARE LOST OR CHANGED IN
• DEVELOPMENT

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DNA IS MODIFIED DURING DEVELOPMENT
CH
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5- methylcytosine
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IN HUMAN FEMALES ONE X INACTIVATED IN DEVELOPMENT
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Reproductive cloning

Nuclear transfer
G. Daley
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Rudolf Jaenisch
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Potential therapeutic uses of stem cells

• Transplantation of bone marrow for muscular
  dystrophies
• Direct injection of bone marrow stem cells for
  cardiac regeneration
• Bone marrow injections for neurodegenerative
  diseases

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Reproductive cloning

Nuclear transfer
G. Daley
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Cancer as a stem cell disease?

• Low clonogenic ability of tumors in vitro
• Most tumors are morphologically heterogeneous

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Models of cancer cell growth
Stochastic Model
Stem Cell Model
Cancer
Cancer
Cancer
Cancer
NORMAL
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Experimental evidence of cancer stem cells

• Acute myeloid leukemia CD34 CD38neg cells are
  tumor initiating (only 0.1 of total tumor cells)
• Breast cancer CD44CD24neg (2 of all tumor
  cells)
• Brain cancer CD133 (20 of all tumor cells)

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