Field Safety

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Field Safety PPE
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Health and Safety Issues

• Categories of Risks
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
• Respiratory Protection
• Dangers to Inspectors
• Risk Anticipation and Planning
• Risk Avoidance

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Major Hazard Categories

• Chemical
• Biological
• Physical
• Fire/Explosion
• Radiation
• Other

Risks
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What is a hazardous chemical?

• Any chemical that is a health hazard or a
  physical hazard. 

Chemical
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Introduction

• Chemicals are the most common and significant
  health hazards
• Chemicals can be hazardous for numerous reasons
  and can combine with other chemicals to make new
  hazards
• All hazards must be taken into account when
  using and storing chemicals.

Chemical
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Types of Chemicals
Chemicals may be found in solid, liquid, aerosol,
or gas and vapor form.
Chemical
Aerosols
Solids
Liquids
Vapors
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Common Hazardous chemicals

• Gasoline lighting a match
• while pumping gasoline
• could cause an explosion.
• Bleach Splashing bleach in your face could burn
  your eyes.

Chemical
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• The degree of hazard associated with a particular
  chemical will depend on
• Its physical properties
• Its toxicity
• The way it is used
• The environment in which it is encountered.

Chemical
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Routes of Chemical Exposure

• Inhalation breathing
• Ingestion swallowing
• Absorption skin/eye
• Injection punctures/cuts

Chemical
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Toxicity

• Acute vs. chronic effects
• Dose response
• Individual variation

Chemical
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Physical Properties

• Flammability
• Reactivity
• Corrosivity

Chemical
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Major Hazard Categories

• Chemical
• Biological
• Physical
• Fire/Explosion
• Radiation
• Other

Risks
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Micro Bio-Hazards

• Bacteria
• Viruses
• Fungi, including yeasts and molds
• Blood borne pathogens
• Parasites

Biohazards
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Macro Bio-Hazards

• Spiders
• Snakes
• Plants
• Animals
• People

Biohazards
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Major Hazard Categories

• Chemical
• Biological
• Physical
• Fire/Explosion
• Radiation
• Other

Risks
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Physical Risks From

• Slip, Trip, Fall
• Hearing and Eye Protection
• Drum Handling
• Pond, Stream, and Oil pit Sampling
• Stack Sampling/inspection
• Electrical
• Heat Stress, Heat Stroke
• Cold and Hypothermia

Physical
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Drum Handling

• Visually inspect for information and condition
• Is Handling is the drum required?
• If you must, handle drum properly.
• Deteriorated Drums
• Drum Opening
• Never attempt open a bulging drum
• Drum Sampling

Physical
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Pond and Stream Sampling Safety
Physical
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Slip, Trip, Fall, Machinery, Weather

• Consult with facility escort
• Heavy machinery restricts visibility
• Weather conditions increase hazards
• PPE greatly restricts field of view
• Take care on ladders, watch your head
• PPE creates trip hazards themselves

Physical
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Physical Hazard Preparation

• Noise or Eye hazards
• Every inspector must a have hearing and eye
  protection before leaving on an inspection trip
• Electrical Hazards
• Wet surfaces create an electrical conduit, Be
  aware of high voltage signage at facilities
• Radiation Hazards
• Your pre-inspection planning should prepare you
  for field activities where radiation in a concern

Physical
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Heat Stress, Heat Stroke, Hypothermia

• High Temperature High Humidity Physical Works
  Heat Illness
• Heat Stress
• Heat Stroke
• Hypothermia

Physical
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Major Hazard Categories

• Chemical
• Biological
• Physical
• Fire/Explosion
• Radiation
• Other

Risks
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Elements of Fire

• Elements of Combustion (Fire Triangle)
• All required for a fire to occur.
• Trend is to include Chemical Reaction as fourth
  element (Fire Tetrahedron).

Fire/Explosion
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Extinguishment Theory

• Removing Heat
• Removing Fuel
• Reducing Oxygen
• WILL
• Inhibit Chemical
• Chain Reaction

Fire/Explosion
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Explosions

• Extremely rapid combustion / chemical reaction
• Explosive atmosphere may be triggered by spark
• Legitimate reason to control access/equipment
• Most caused by human error

Fire/Explosion
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Major Hazard Categories

• Chemical
• Biological
• Physical
• Fire/Explosion
• Radiation
• Other

Risks
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Types of Ionizing Radiation
Alpha Particles Stopped by a sheet of paper
Radiation Source
Beta Particles Stopped by a layer of clothing or
less than an inch of a substance (e.g. plastic)
Gamma Rays Stopped by inches to feet of
concrete or less than an inch of lead
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Exposure vs. Contamination

• External Exposure

• External Contamination

Internal Contamination
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Major Hazard Categories

• Chemical
• Biological
• Physical
• Fire/Explosion
• Radiation
• Other

Risks
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PERSONAL PROTECTIVEEQUIPMENT (PPE)
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Personal Protective Equipment

• Required when engineering or administrative
  controls are inadequate.
• Must be properly selected and worn.
• Training is required.
• Pre-Job analysis
• Hazard Assessment

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Selection of PPE

1. The type of hazard(s)
2. The adverse effects of exposure
3. If other controls can be used
4. Performance characteristics of PPE
5. The need for decontamination
6. The ergonomic constraints
7. Costs of various options
8. Selection

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HAZARDOUS WASTE PPELevels of Protection
Level Respiratory Protection Chemical Suit
A Supplied Air Gas Tight Suit
B Supplied Air Splash Suit
C Air purifying respirator Splash Suit
D None None
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TYPES OF PPE

• Head protection
• Eye face protection
• Hand skin protection
• Hearing protection
• Foot protection
• Protective clothing
• Respiratory protection

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Head Protection

• Hard Hats (Safety Helmets)
• Falling objects
• Bumping head against fixed objects, such as
  exposed pipes or beams
• Contact with exposed electrical conductors
• Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D

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Eye and Face Protection

• Safety Glasses (minimum requirement)
• Goggles - better protection for chemicals,
• splashes, dusts, or projectiles.
• Face Shield - better for splashes
• or projectiles
• Chemical Splash Hood
• shoulder length or longer

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Hand and Skin Protection

• Gloves / sleeves
• General duty
• Cotton, leather
• Sharp objects
• Leather, kevlar
• Cuts
• Kevlar
• Chemical
• Multiple types

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Types of Hearing Protectors
Earmuffs
Canal Caps
Earplugs
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Foot Protection

• Footwear classified by impact and compression
  resistance
• Special footwear types
• Metatarsal (protects top of foot)
• Conductive (primarily for static electricity
  control)
• Electrical hazard (insulated)
• Sole puncture resistance

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Protective Clothing

• Clothing types
• Coveralls
• Splash ("acid") suits
• Totally-encapsulating chemical-protective suit
  ("moon suits")
• Firefighters "turnout" gear
• Protective sleeves
• Aprons
• Shoe covers, etc.

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PPE Limitations

• Worker Dependent
• Improper Selection
• Improper Use
• PPE Failure
• Permeation
• Degradation
• Penetration
• Ergonomic Issues
• Decrease productivity and comfort
• Heat Stress
• Restricted dexterity, movement, vision

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Decontamination

• Removing or neutralizing contaminants that have
  accumulated on personnel and equipment.
• It is very important to break the contaminant
  pathway between these sites and your hotel,
  office or home.
• The degree of decontamination with vary from site
  to site.
• Selection of Personal Protective
  equipment/clothing
• Clean work practices
• Decon Plan

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Respiratory Protection
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If you are required to wear a respirator,

• You will be required to
• Have a medical evaluation
• Attend respirator use training
• Pass a respirator fit test

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Respiratory Hazards

• Inhalation of
• Particulates Vapors
• Sprays Mists
• Fogs Smoke
• Gases Dusts

• Entry into confined spaces

• Working in a toxic or oxygen deficient environment

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Types of Respirators

• Air-Purifying
• Filters (for particulates)
• Cartridges (for gases or vapors) - may have
  filters, too
• Canisters (used with gas masks -- large
  capacity)
• Oxygen must be gt 19.5
• Atmosphere-Supplying
• Supplied Air Respirator (SAR)
• Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)

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Hearing Protection (85 dBA)

• Purpose
• Prevent Hearing Loss by Reducing Noise Exposure
• Types
• Earplugs
• Earmuffs
• Semi-Aural Devices
• Double Protection (add 5dB)

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Foot Protection

• Foot injury due to
• inadequate footwear and
• a falling object

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Dressed for Success!
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Proper Use

• Select the appropriate type of clothing or
  equipment (e.g. gloves, respirators, LEV)
  according to Hazard Assessment performed by
  supervisor for PPE.
• Properly maintain and store personal protective
  equipment after use.
• Replace defective or damaged personal protective
  equipment such as safety glasses, gloves, or
  respirator components.

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Summary

• PPE appropriate for use with one substance may be
  totally inappropriate for use with another
  substance (e.g. respirators, gloves).
• Inappropriate use of personal protective
  equipment may result in unnecessary exposures or
  injury
• Know the expected service life of personal
  protective equipment and replace it as necessary.
  
• Respirator cartridge life is limited
• Likewise, gloves will provide protection for only
  specific periods of time breakthrough occurs.

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Risk Anticipation

• Training required
• Anticipate variety of situations
• Prepare general and specific Health and Safety
  Plans
• Know First Aid
• Listen to facility safety officers

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Risk Avoidance

• Ask Do I really need to go there?
• Seek advice from facility on risks
• Consider engineering controls
• Telephoto lenses
• Long distance observation
• Make the facility do the dangerous work

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Safety

• Hazardous Samples
• Preservatives
• Heat / Cold / Sun
• Sampling Equipment
• Chemical Releases
• Confined Spaces
• Driving
• Trip and Fall