European

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European Asian Links
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• Connection primarily through trade
• Recall the Spanish Portuguese get out the gate
  first
• Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 Divides Latin America
  and Africa
• Whats going on in the world at this time?
• Trade commodities
• Mughal Empire in 17th century
• Wars of Religion in Europe
• Protestant Reformation overlaps with political
  wars
• Rise of Enlightenment
• Rise of Enlightenment Colonies
• Scientific Revolution

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Overcoming Economic Obstacles

• Overcoming Economic Obstacles
• Two important types of trade
• Exploiting resources in the Americas
• Establishment of the Encomienda system
• High death rate among Indians
• Replacement of Indian labor with African slaves.
• Dominating trade with East Asia
• Example Dutch merchant wanting to undertake a
  venture in Indonesia to buy pepper and spices.
  What obstacles would he face?
• Capitalization
• Investment joint stock companies
• Logistics
• Establish colonies and support stations along
  route
• State-enforced monopoly
• Naval presence to deter piracy
• Risk of loss
• Maritime insurance

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European Empires

• New empires created by Europeans were sea based
• New technologies were sea based
• Difficult to move inland
• Only exception the Americas
• Even those tended to be based along the coast
• Two other civilizations had the capability to
  challenge Europes domination of the seas the
  Chinese and the Ottomans
• In the 15th century, Chinese explored
  Southeastern Pacific and Indian Oceans
• Zheng He reached India and East Africa 80 years
  before Portuguese
• Ottoman power was land based and in the Eastern
  Mediterranean
• Same reason as decline of Italian trading cities
  such as Venice no access to the Atlantic
• Spain, Portugal, France, England, and the
  Netherlands all better positioned to trade in
  Asia, Africa, and the Americas.
• Major challenge to trading empires came from
  rival European powers
• Struggle between Portuguese, French, Dutch and
  English for control of Indian trade
• Came to a head in the Seven Years War
  (1756-1763)
• British success laid the groundwork for British
  colonial empire

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Columbian Exchange

• The Columbian Exchange
• Movement of plants, animals, and disease shaped
  human civilization in the Old World
• Movement was mostly horizontal across bands of
  climate zones
• The Americas ran north to south, which made
  movement of domesticated crops more difficult
• Most human diseases result from humans living in
  close proximity to domesticated animals
• E.g. the Flu, smallpox
• Overtime, most people developed immunities to
  these diseases and they became less virulent
• Almost no domesticated animals in the Americas,
  so little few diseases.
• No exposure to the animal diseases that humans in
  Old World had lived with for 1000s of years.
• Smallpox and the flu wiped out whole communities
  in the Americas within 100 years of contact
• In 1519, a smallpox epidemic broke out in the
  Aztec empire
• By 1600, the population had fallen 90
• When English settlers arrived in North America,
  they sometimes found abandoned villages, where
  the entire population had died some decades
  before.
• Hard to overestimate the death toll in the
  Americas from these new diseases
• Contact with the Americas also led to a great
  increase in the world population
• The introduction of foods such as pineapples,
  potatoes, corn, cassava, peanuts, and tomatoes,
  led to much better nutrition across the globe.
• Between 1500 and 1900, the worlds population
  doubled from 425 million to 900 million.

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Thomas Hobbes 1588-1679

• Leviathan (1651)
• Myth of Natural Law
• Concept of Social Contract (not the work by
  Rousseau)
• Life of man is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish
  and short.
• The original state of human kind is not
  redemption, but original sin

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John Locke 1632 - 1704

• Essays on Human Understanding
• 2 Treatises on Govt
• (both in 1690)
• Hobbes is WRONG!!!
• Tabula rasa
• You MUST oppose bad government

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Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet)1694-1778)

• Candide
• Letters on the English
• Newton for Dummies

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Baron de Montesquieu

• Spirit of the Laws
• What is the best form of government?
• Sometimes its monarchy, or republic or empire
• Checks and balances

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Jean Jacques Rousseau 1712-78

• 1750 Discourse on the Moral Effects of the Arts
  and Sciences
• 1755 Discourse on the Origins of Inequality
• 1762 Social Contract
• All men are born free, but everywhere they are
  in chains

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Concept of Political Rights

• Civil Liberties
• Religious Freedom
• Wars of Religion Reformation
• Colonization and Empire building by conversion
• Spanish vs. English
• Requiremento

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Effects of Enlightenment

• This is not restricted just to intellectuals in
  Europe
• Ideas travel in this new age and new economy
• Not just to the English colonies, but thats one
  of the first places to see Revolution
• Part of the separation from the East takes
  European focus off the overseas (political)
  campaigns
• Economy is still focused on commodities exchange
• Religion is still trying for missionary and
  conversion missions, particularly after Jesuits
  are formed