Adaptive Immunity: Specific Defenses of the host

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Adaptive Immunity Specific Defenses of the host

• Ch 17

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• Innate resistance
• Immunity ability of the body to resist
  pathogens
• Due to production of specific lymphocytes and
  antibodies
• Acquired immunity
• Naturally active immunity get it, get over it
• Passive immunity Mother to child, AB from
  mother (short term)

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Dual Nature of Adaptive Immunity
Figure 17.8
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Dual Nature of Adaptive Immunity

• T and B cells develop from stem cells in red bone
  marrow
• Humoral immunity
• B cells mature in the bone marrow
• Chickens Bursa of Fabricius
• Due to antibodies
• Cellular immunity
• Due to T cells
• T cells mature in the thymus

ANIMATION Humoral Immunity Overview
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Artificially acquired immunity

• Vaccination
• Antiserum
• Gamma globulin (IgG purified)

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• Antigen, anything that can cause an immunological
  response
• Examples

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Humoral vs.. cell mediated immunity

• Humoral is serum immunity
• Cell mediated depends on T cells

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Antibody Structure

• The monomer is bivalent
• 4 ppt chains, 2 light and 2 heavy
• All contain a V region where antibody binding
  occurs
• Y or T shaped know where ab binds, know constant
  region.
• Fc or constant region binds to host cell or
  complement.

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Epitopes
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Haptens example penicillin
Figure 17.2
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Classes of Immunoglobulin

• IgG serum, passive immunity, neutralize,
  precipitate, opsonize
• IgM 5monomers on a chain, agglutination and
  complement
• IgA monomer in serum, dimmers in mucus, protects
  outer surfaces.
• IgD antigen receptors on B cells
• IgE antigen receptors on mast cells and
  basophiles.

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• Apoptosis programmed cell death, Lymphocytes
  that are no longer needed destroy themselves.
• Clonal selection during fetal development, self
  reacting AB is destroyed. During sickness more
  AB is produced (will review later)

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Types of WBC
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Clonal Selection and differentiation of B cells
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Results of antigen binding

• Neutralize
• Opsonizaiton
• Agglutination
• Fixing complement
• Precipitation

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Immunological memory

• Ab titer
• Plasma cells
• Memory cells

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Monoclonal Antibodies

• Immortal cells that produce an antibody that
  binds to one haptin.

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Production of Monoclonal AB (fig 18.2)
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Antibodies can now be manufactured

• Used to tread diseases like cancer
• How are antibodies treated so that they do not
  produce an immune response?

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All of the previous activities are due to B cells.
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T cells and cell mediated Immunity

• Differentiate in the thymus gland (and others)
• Classified by cell surface receptors (CD4)
• Binds to antigen and APC by MHC

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Practical applications of Immunology (ch 19)

• Vaccines
• Heard immunity if gt 85 are immune to a
  disease, the pathogen has difficulty spreading
• Types
• Attenuated whole agent non pathogenic
• Inactivated whole agent dead
• Toxoids inactivated toxin
• Subunit vaccine purified protein
• Conjugated vaccine
• DNA vaccine MHC1 associated responses

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How to make vaccines

• Animals
• Cell culture
• Chick embryos
• Recombinant vaccines are much safer

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Disorders of the Human immune system
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Defects

• Hay fever
• Transplant rejection
• Autoimmunity
• Infection
• carriers

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Hypersensitivity

• Rx that lead to tissue damage
• Occur when person is sensitized
• 4 types

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Autoimmune disease

• From loss of self tolerance
• Self tolerance occurs during fetal development
• Clonal deletion
• Clonal anergy
• Graves disease
• Myasthenia gravis
• Systemic lupus
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Hashimotas disease
• Insulin dependent diabetes

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Types of T cells

• Classified by certain glycoproteins on surface
  (clusters of differentiation (CD))
• Th T helper-CD4
• Recognise an antigen presented on the surface of
  a macrophage and activate it.
• Tc Cytotoxic T cells CD8
• When activated by cytokines from the Th cell will
  change to kill self altered cells

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• Tr Regulatory T cells (turn down immune
  response)

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Cytotoxic T cells are transformed into CTLs by a
cell with markers on it.
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The MHC antigen complex induces a toll-like
receptor
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Organisms like large paracites that are too large
for ingestion by phagocytic cells must be
attacked externally