United States History Chapter 19

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United States HistoryChapter 19

• Higher Order Thinking Skills
• Homework

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1. Identify the long-term causes and the
immediate circumstances that led to World War I.

• What caused World War I?
• Too much emphasis on imperialism, nationalism,
  and militarism.
• What alliances divided Europe in 1914?
• Triple Entente (The Allies) Great Britain,
  France, and Russia (later joined by the United
  States)
• Triple Alliance (Central Powers) Germany,
  Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire
• Italy began the War with the Triple Alliance
  (Central Powers) and ended with the Triple
  Entente (Allies)
• What diplomatic crisis sparked the war?
• The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of
  Austria-Hungary by Gavrilo Princeps (a member of
  the Black Hand, a Serbian Nationalist group)

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2. Describe the first two years of the war.

• What was Germanys Schlieffen Plan?
• A plan devised by the Germans prior to the
  outbreak of World War I.
• It detailed how Germany would respond to any
  outbreak of war and use it as an opportunity to
  conquer Europe.
• What characteristics describe trench warfare
  during World War I?
• Long, prolonged Battles with heavy losses on both
  sides resulting in a stalemate (nobody winning or
  losing).

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3. Summarize U.S. public opinion about the war.

• What motivated those who opposed U.S. entry into
  World War I?
• Most Americans believed that since the war was
  3000 miles away and did not seem to threaten
  American lives, property, or interests then the
  U.S. should remain neutral.
• What motivated those who favored U.S. entry into
  World War I?
• The Allies were our chief trading partners
• We shared a common ancestry, language, and
  similar governing institutions with Great
  Britain.
• What factors increased American sympathy for the
  Allies?
• The Germans had rampaged through neutral Belgium
  and stories of German atrocities horrified
  Americans causing sympathy toward the Allies.
• Some British Propaganda proved to be false, but
  enough was true to turn many Americans against
  Germany.

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4. Explain why the United States entered the war.

• Why did the German threat to sink all ships in
  British waters push the United States to declare
  war?
• America has long cherished the ideal of Freedom
  of the Seas as a key part of our foreign policy.
• The German threat to sink all shipping in British
  waters Combatant and Neutral was a direct
  threat to U.S. interests.
• What did the Zimmerman Note reveal about
  Germanys plans?
• They intended to seek an alliance with Mexico in
  the event that the U.S. declared war on Germany.

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5. Describe how the United States mobilized for
war.

• How did the United States raise an army during
  World War I?
• The Selective Service Act established the Draft.
• How did the United States increase ship
  production?
• Exempted shipyard workers from the draft.
• Launched a public relations campaign to emphasize
  the importance of shipyard work.
• Implemented pre-fabrication techniques, the ships
  would be assembled from pre-fabricated parts
  speeding up the building process.
• The government took over commercial and private
  ships for use in the Transatlantic war.

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6. Summarize U.S. battlefield successes.

• What was the significance of the Convoy System?
• It dramatically cut Allied shipping losses at the
  hands of German U-Boats on the Atlantic Ocean.
• How did the arrival of new American troops affect
  the spirit of Allied troops?
• They brought a renewed freshness and enthusiasm
  to the fight.

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7. Identify the new weapons and the medical
problems faced in World War I.

• Who led the American troops in Europe?
• John J. Black Jack Pershing
• What new weapons were used during World War I?
• Tanks
• Airplanes
• Machine Guns
• Barbed Wire
• Chemical Weapons
• How did medical services respond to the physical
  and emotional wounds suffered by soldiers?
• Many soldiers were diagnosed with War Neurosis
  (shell shock), what we call Post-traumatic Stress
  Disorder.
• Doctors made advances in fighting infections,
  post-surgical rehabilitation, and skin-grafting
  technologies.

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8. Describe U.S. offensives and the end of the
war.

• In what important battles did U.S. soldiers
  fight?
• Chatteau-Thierry
• Belleau Woods
• 2nd Battle of the Marne
• Meuse-Argonne Offensive
• What made Alvin York a hero?
• He single-handedly captured 132 German soldiers
  and killed 25.
• What caused the collapse of Germany?
• A mutiny within the Navy spread across Germany,
  Revolutionary Councils were set up, the Kaiser
  abdicated his throne and Socialists formed the
  German Republic.
• How many people died during World War I?
• Nearly 22 Million people died (roughly half were
  civilians), another 20 Million were wounded (many
  suffering amputations and permanently crippled).

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9. Explain how business and government cooperated
during the war.

• Why was the War Industries Board established?
• Set production quotas and allocated raw materials
• Fostered greater efficiency in production and cut
  waste.
• Encouraged the implementation of mass production
  techniques.
• How did the war affect the U.S. economy?
• Wealthy Capitalists saw their profits from
  investments skyrocket.
• Although the average citizens income rose
  dramatically, so did the price of food and other
  essentials.
• How did U.S. civilians respond to the war?
• Gospel of the Clean Plate
• Sweetless, Meatless, and Wheatless
• Victory Gardens
• Americans sacrificed by ration food and other
  products vital to the war effort.

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10. Show how the government promoted the war.

• How did the government finance the war?
• Increasing taxes, implementation of the Graduated
  Income Tax
• Sale of War Bonds.
• How did the government build support for the war?
• George Creel was named head of the Committee on
  Public Information
• He organized a massive nation-wide advertisement
  campaign to get the American people solidly
  behind the war effort.

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11. Describe the attacks on civil liberties that
occurred.

• What groups were the main targets of
  anti-immigrant hysteria during the war?
• Immigrants who had come from Germany or
  Austria-Hungary, especially the German
  immigrants.
• How did the Espionage and Sedition Acts affect
  civil liberties in the United States?
• The U.S. government severely restricted citizens
  rights to freedom of speech
• This was upheld as a military necessity by
  Schenck v. United States

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12. Summarize the social changes that affected
African Americans and women.

• What was the Great Migration?
• The mass movement of African Americans to the
  Northern cities seeking employment in wartime
  factories and seeking to escape Jim Crow
  segregation.
• What new opportunities did the war offer to
  women?
• Many were able to work in jobs that had once been
  exclusively held by men.
• Others worked to sell war bonds, volunteered with
  the Red Cross, and worked as nurses for the
  military.
• What were the effects of the worldwide flu
  epidemic that erupted during the war?
• It is speculated that the flu epidemic killed as
  many as 30 Million people.

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13. Summarize Wilsons Fourteen Points.

• What were Wilsons Fourteen Points?
• His goals for a post-war peace among equals.
• They included arms reductions, boundary changes
  in Europe, and the formation of a League of
  Nations to promote world peace.
• Why did the Allies reject Wilsons peace plan?
• Because Great Britain and France were bent on
  punishing and humiliating Germany to make sure
  that they would not be a threat in the future.

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14. Describe the Treaty of Versailles and
international and domestic reaction to it.

• What were the main provisions of the Treaty of
  Versailles?
• Nine new nations were created
• Germany was barred from maintaining an army
• Germany was required to turn over land to France
• Germany was required to pay war reparations (33
  Billion) to the Allies
• Germany was forced to sign a War-Guilt Clause
• What were some weaknesses of the Treaty?
• Germanys humiliation only gave rise to radicals
  fueled by hostility (Adolf Hitler and the Nazi
  Party), which damaged the Treatys ability to
  maintain a lasting peace.
• How did Americans react to the Treaty?
• Some viewed the Treaty as too harsh, possibly
  destructive of the European economy.
• Others thought it to be imperialist
• Others were dissatisfied with the boundary
  changes
• Why did Americans disagree about the League of
  Nations?
• Americans had shifted toward favoring a foreign
  policy based on Isolationism.
• Many did not want to commit to an organization
  that could usurp American autonomy over its own
  foreign policy.

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15. Explain some of the consequences of the war.

• Why did Germany object to the Treaty of
  Versailles?
• Germany objected to taking blame for a war that,
  although their militarism had played a role in
  starting, was started by the diplomatic problems
  of other European nations.
• Germany also understood very clearly that there
  was no way they could pay back the 33 Billion in
  reparations.
• How did the war affect Germany?
• Germany sunk into a deep economic depression that
  created an unstable political atmosphere. The
  result was the ascent of Adolf Hitler and the
  Nazi Party to power.
• How did the war affect U.S. power and prestige in
  the world?
• World War I strengthened the power of both the
  U.S. Military and the U.S. Government.