Migration

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• Chapter 3

• Migration

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• Migration a permanent move
• A type of relocation diffusion
• Geographers document where people move from and
  where they move to.
• Geographers are especially interested in why
  people move.

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• Emigration migration from a place.
• A person emigrates from Guatemala
• Immigration migration to a place
• A person immigrates to the US
• Net Migration the difference between the two
• net in-migration if more immigrants than
  emigrants
• net out-migration if more emigrants than
  immigrants

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• Migration is a form of mobility, a general term
  that covers all types of movements from one place
  to another.
• Circular mobility occurs daily and weekly with
  routines work, church, school
• College students follow seasonal mobility.
• Migration is the rarest type of mobility.
• The shrinking scale of the world makes relocating
  more possible than in the past.

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• Key Issue 1 - Why Do People Migrate?

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REASONS FOR MIGRATING

• People decide to migrate b/c of push/pull
  factors.
• Push factors encourage people to move.
• Pull factors lure people to move to a new
  location.
• People view their current residence so negatively
  that they feel pushed away, and another place so
  attractive that they feel pulled toward it.

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• There are 3 types of push/pull factors
• Economic
• Cultural
• Environmental

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Economic Push/Pull Factors

• People think about migrating from where there are
  few jobs to where there are plenty of jobs.
• Natural resources, new industries, and rapid
  population growth all encourage job seekers.
• US and Canada have been especially attractive to
  economic migrants.
• The attractiveness of a region can shift. link

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U.S.
Mexico
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Cultural Push/Pull Factors

• Slavery (historically) and political instability
  are two of the most common reasons for cultural
  migration.
• Some international boundaries are drawn to
  separate ethnicities. People are always caught
  on the wrong side of the border. E/W Germany

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• Wars have created refugees. Cannot return to
  their homelands until situation improves.
• Largest groups of refugees are Afghans and
  Palestinians. About 35 million people globally
  are refugees.
• Political situations can be a pull factor (such
  as freedom from communism)
• refugees 1 2

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Refugee Children check out the makeshift housing
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Sri Lankan refugees arriving in India
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Darfur Refugees in Chad
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Environmental Push/Pull Factors

• Pulled toward physically attractive regions and
  pushed from hazardous ones.
• Attractiveness seaside, mountains, warm
  climates. Some move for health.
• Pushed by too much or too little water, living in
  a flood plain (100 year flood plain), drought
  areas, overcrowding, etc.
• the Sahel, The Great Depression

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post-Katrina New Orleans
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A woman sits next to her ruined fields in
Chile. Drought is causing major problems in
Chile.
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Drought in South Africa2002 on right, 2003 on
left
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The Dust Bowl
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Intervening Obstacles

• Migrants have sometimes been blocked from going
  where they wanted by intervening obstacles.
• These can be deserts, oceans, mountains.
• Today, intervening obstacles have been reduced by
  cars and planes.

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DISTANCE OF MIGRATION

• Most migrants move short distances within the
  same country.
• Long distance migrants head to major centers of
  economic activity.

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Internal Migration

• A permanent move within a country.
• Like distance decay the further away, the less
  likely someone is to move there.
• There are 2 types of internal migration
• Interregional is a move from one region to the
  next
• Intraregional is a move within a region.
• Historically, movement has been from rural to
  urban.
• Presently, most moves are from urban to suburban.

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International Migration

• Moves between countries.
• 2 types
• Voluntary people choose to move for economic
  reasons.
• Forced compelled to move by cultural factors

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• International migration (people leaving) usually
  occurs in stage 2 countries.
• Internal migration usually occurs in stage 3-4
  countries.
• Stage 2 is the origin, stage 3-4 countries are
  the destination

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CHARACTERISTICS OF MIGRANTS

• Males are most likely to migrate 54 today.
• Late 1980s 85 of Mexican immigrants were male.
  1990s 50/50.
• Most likely b/c women were more compelled to find
  work due to poor economic times in Mexico

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Family Status of Migrants

• Most are single men.
• Only 5 are over 65. 55 are between 18 and 44.
• Percentage of immigrants under 17 is roughly
  equal to the of people under 17 here.
• Most are from rural areas from non-border areas
  of Mexico.
• Men leave in Spring and return in Fall. Money
  leaves our economy and is spent in Mexico.

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• Key Issue 2
• Where are Migrants Distributed?

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• About 5 of the worlds population are migrants.
• The country with the largest amount of migrants
  is the US.

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Global Migration Patterns

• 1) 3 largest flows of migrants Asia to Europe,
  Latin America to US, from Asia to US.
• 2) Substantial in-migration Europe to North
  America, Asia to Oceania.
• 3) Lower levels of in-migration Latin America
  to Oceania, Africa to Europe, North America, and
  Oceania.

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• These patterns reflects the importance of
  migration from LDCs to MDCs.
• Migrants head from poor countries to wealthy
  countries with brighter job prospects.
• 10 of the US population consists of migrants
• The highest of migrants are in the Middle East
  b/c of oil.
• Kuwait 70, United Arab Emirates 90

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The 2 shades of red represent in-migration, the
3 shades of blue represent out-migration.
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IMMIGRATION TO THE US

• US is the 3rd most populous country.
• 65 million immigrants since 1820.
• Weve had 2 major waves of immigration
• 1st wave - Mid-1800s-early 1900s
• 90 from Europe
• 2nd wave - 1970s to present
• 90 from Latin America and Asia
• Origins of migrants have varied, reasons are the
  same rapid pop growth and limited economic
  advancement at home (leaving stage 2 countries).

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European Immigration to the US

• The US offered the greatest opportunity for
  economic success historically and today.
• In order, Germany, Italy, the UK, Ireland, and
  Russia are the European countries which have sent
  the most migrants to the US.

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1st Peak 1607-1840

• A steady stream to the colonies and the US.
• 90 before 1840 were from Britain.
• During 1840s and 50s, the of immigrants
  surged. 4 million during the decade, which
  doubled the previous 250 years.
• Jumped from 20,000/year to 250,000/year.
• Mostly Irish and German. Economic migrants at
  first. Germany later becomes cultural.

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2nd Peak 1880s

• Dropped in the 1860s b/c of our Civil War.
• Peaked in the 1880s.
• ½ million annually migrated.
• More Germans, Irish now Swedes and Norwegians as
  the Ind Rev diffused to their area and their
  populations boomed.

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3rd Peak 1900-1915

• Economic problems in the 1890s discouraged
  immigration.
• Nearly 1 million per year during 1900-1915.
• 1907 1.3 million, the most per year ever
• New countries now Italy, Russia,
  Austria-Hungary. Southern/Eastern Europeans came
  b/c they were now entering stage 2.
• At peak of immigration, 13 million US residents
  (or 14) were foreign born.
• This peak came to an end b/c of WWI.

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• Europeans once made up 90 of all immigrants to
  the US.
• In the 1960s, just 30.
• Today, only 10.

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The Enclosure Movement

• To promote more efficient agriculture, some
  governments forced the consolidation of small
  farms into larger ones in the late 1700s.
• The avg farm (due to inheritances) had become too
  small to be profitable.
• In England, we call this the Enclosure Movement.

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Harby, England A typical Pre-Enclosure Movement
Village
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Property Lines in Harby
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• Farmers had 2 choices move to cities and work
  in factories or move out of the country.
• The Enclosure Movement forced millions to migrate
  to the US.

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Effect of European Migration

• As do all migrants, Europeans brought their
  culture with them.
• Christianity is the worlds largest religion
• More than ½ of worlds people speak an
  Indo-European language.
• Europes culture and political structures have
  also diffused. i.e. clothing styles, foods, etc

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Negative Effects of European Migration

• European migration
• planted seeds of conflict by migrating into
  regions with indigenous populations
• imposed political domination over others
• injected culture
• extracted resources instead of building upon them
• bringing in slave labor
• drawing arbitrary boundary lines
• discriminating among local ethnic groups.

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RECENT IMMIGRATION

• Immigration dropped sharply in the 1930s and
  40s (Great Depression and WWII)
• For the only time in our history, we had more
  emigrants than immigrants.
• Immigration steadily increased in the 1950s,
  60s, and 70s.
• We broke records in the 80s and 90s.

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Immigration From Asia

• Late 1800s and early 1900s 3 primary
  countries China, Japan, and Turkey.
• 1990s China, Philippines, and Vietnam
• Overall in the 1900s, the largest s came from
  China and India (stage 2 countries, 1 and 2 in
  overall population totals).

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Per year during 1990s
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Immigration from Latin America

• Mexico passed Germany as the country that has
  sent the most immigrants to the US.
• From Latin America 1) Mexico, 2) Dominican
  Republic, 3) El Salvador
• Our primary sources have changed from Europe to
  now Latin America and Asia, but reasons remain
  the same poor economic conditions.
• Europeans encountered a booming, sparsely settled
  country with unclaimed land. New immigrants
  encounter a country with a finite amount of space.

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Per year during 1990s
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Destinations of Immigrants in the US

• 1/4th to California, 1/4th to NY and NJ, 1/4th to
  FL, TX, and Illinois, with the other 1/4th
  scattered around the other 44 states.
• These 6 states have the nations busiest airports
• Immigrants used to arrive by boat and lived near
  coastal areas now arrive by plane and car.
• Chain migration migration of people to a
  specific place b/c relatives or members of the
  same nationality settled there.

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Undocumented Immigration to the US

• The demand to enter the US is higher than the
  quotas, so some people sneak in. This, of
  course, is illegal.
• More than 95 of illegal immigrants are Mexican.
• 2 ways people come illegally
• Enter with a work or student visa and not leave
• Slip across border
• Can buy forged documents. If caught, are sent
  home and then can come straight back.

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• The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act tried
  to reduce the of immigrants.
• If you could prove you had lived in the US
  continuously from 1982-87 you could apply for
  residency and become a citizen after 5 years.
• Few applied b/c they didnt want to be deported
• Cracked down on getting jobs by immigrants

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Crossing the US-Mexican Border

• Is heavily patrolled, but is very long (2000
  miles) and crosses urban areas and rural areas.
• Parts are fenced, but many parts are not.
• Hardest part for potential immigrants is reaching
  the border, not crossing it.
• The US has a difficult dilemma if allowed to
  stay, this could encourage more to come,
  threatening unemployment. Most illegal
  immigrants, however, take low paying jobs most
  citizens dont want.

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U.S.
Mexico
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A Day of the Dead mass conducted cross-border
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Tijuana Border Crossing
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Mexico
US
Nogales, Arizona
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Patches in the wall at Nogales, AZ
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Immigration reform has been a major issue in US
politics for the last few years. Above are
leaders of the Democratic Party.
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Border patrol between El Paso and Juarez, Mexico.
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Border Patrol Sectors
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• Key Issue 3
• Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles?

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• Traditional obstacles were the long, tough,
  expensive passages by land or sea.
• i.e. unsanitary, hot, cramped trips across the
  ocean.
• Today, most immigrants arrive comfortably by
  plane or car.
• Their main obstacles are as follows
• 1. gaining permission to enter the country
• 2. hostile attitudes of citizens once they enter
  the country.

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Immigration Policies of Host Countries

• 2 major types of policies
• Quota system which allows for permanent migration
  
• Guest worker program for temporary status

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US Quota Laws

• Era of unrestricted immigration ended when
  Congress passed the Quota Act of 1921 and
  National Origins Act of 1924.
• Laws put quotas on the of immigrants allowed to
  immigrate from each country per year.
• 2 of each nationality could immigrate according
  to the 1910 census. Ex 2,000,000 Germans here
  in 1910, then wed accept 40,000 Germans per
  year.
• Was mostly intended to limit Asians, since very
  few Asians here in 1910.

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• Following the Immigration Act of 1965, quotas for
  individual countries were eliminated and replaced
  with hemisphere quotas 170,000 east, 120,000
  west.
• In 1978, hemisphere was replaced with global
  quota of 290,000 with maximum of 20,000 per
  country.
• Immigration Act of 1990 raised it to about
  500,000.

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• Congress has set preferences b/c there are more
  applicants than spaces.
• About 200,000 admitted b/c they are spouses or
  children of non-citizens in the US (about a 5
  year waiting period)
• A handful of brothers and sisters are admitted
  (very slim chance)
• Skilled workers and talented professionals (about
  140,000)
• 55,000 admitted through lottery

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• Quota laws dont apply to refugees, nor does it
  apply to spouses, children, or parents of
  citizens.
• Most legal immigrants today are young,
  well-educated people.
• US immigration policy is creating a brain drain,
  which is large-scale migration by talented people.

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Temporary Migration For Work

• People unable to migrate permanently may be
  allowed to migrate temporarily. This trend is
  primarily in Europe and the Middle East.
• Workers are known as guest workers.
• In Europe, protected by minimum wage, laws,
  labors contracts, and other programs.
• Can be 5 or more of total population in Eur.
• Take low paying jobs, but earn more than at home.
  Help native country by sending money back.

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Problems with Guest Workers

• Very isolated. Usually male, alone, broke.
  Sends home all extra money. Do not understand
  language.
• View it as a temporary arrangement, but if family
  joins them, then it often becomes permanent.

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DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN ECONOMIC MIGRANTS AND
REFUGEES

• Sometimes this is difficult to tell apart.
• Economic migrants are usually not admitted unless
  they have a special skill, but refugees are
  usually admitted quickly.
• Cuba
• Vietnam

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Emigrants from Cuba

• Since Fidel Castro came to power in 1959, the US
  has regarded Cuban immigrants as political
  refugees.
• Early 1960s 600,000 Cubans were admitted and
  settled in S Florida.
• 1980s Castro permitted political prisoners,
  criminals, and mental patients to leave. 125,000
  Mariel Boatlift

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• Mariel Boatlift
• To reach US, crossed 125 mile Straits of Florida
  in unseaworthy boats.
• US unprepared. Cubans were processed at Key West
  and sent to camps. Families sponsored those in
  camps and they left.
• Beginning in 1987, the US agreed to permit 20,000
  Cubans a year to migrate to the US. Cuba also
  agreed to accept back 2,500 criminals or mental
  patients.

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Emigrants from Vietnam

• Vietnam War ended in 1975 when communist North
  Vietnam took South Vietnams capital, Saigon.
• Several thousand identified with giving key
  support to the US were evacuated by the US.
• Others felt they would be persecuted by the
  communists, so they felt they needed to leave.
• Couldnt flee to other countries, so floated in
  the South China Sea hoping the US Navy would pick
  them up called Boat People

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• Boat People
• Navy wanted to help, but were unclear b/c of US
  laws.
• Would be unfair to large s of people waiting to
  get in. Some were left drifting.

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• 2nd Wave of Boat People
• Late 1980s. With memories of the war fading,
  they were no longer considered refugees except if
  they could prove torture or other mistreatment.
  Thailand in particular pushed them back to sea.
• According to international agreement, they were
  to be considered economic migrants and sent to
  detention camps. (US, Canada, France, Australia)
• UN monitored the camps and closed in 1996.
  Prisoners sent back to Vietnam.

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• ½ million Vietnamese have reached US since the
  end of the war, 1 million to other countries.
• Vietnam remains a major source of immigrants to
  US, but mostly b/c of economic opportunities

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CULTURAL PROBLEMS LIVING IN OTHER COUNTRIES

• US Attitudes
• US has always viewed immigrants w/ suspicion, but
  set that aside b/c of their help w/ settling the
  frontier and extending American control over the
  west.
• When the frontier closed, Americans began closing
  its borders.

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• Opposition increased when the majority of
  immigrants were no longer from N and W Europe.
• Italians, Russians, Poles, Irish, and others
  faced resistance from native Americans
• Do not write A 1911 government report
  concluded that immigrants from E and S Europe
  were racially inferior, inclined toward violent
  crime, resisted assimilation, and drove
  old-stock citizens out of some lines of work.
  Hence, racist attitudes towards immigrants is
  nothing new.

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• Key Issue 4
• Why Do People Migrate
• Within A Country?

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• Same culture.
• Internal is less disruptive than international
• 2 main types interregional and intraregional

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Migration Between Regions of a Country

• In US interregional was more common in the past
  when most were farmers. Lack of land lured them
  to cities or the frontier. They left their homes
  and moved to an entirely different part of the
  country.
• Best example is the opening of the west after the
  Civil War.

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Changing Center of Population

• The census bureau computes the population center
  of the US. It is the average location of
  everyone in the US.

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• The changing location demonstrates our movements
  west over the last 200 years.
• People were cramped in the original 13 states and
  didnt really venture across the Appalachian Mtns
  due to transportation constraints. (no roads
  over mtns, no railroads, everything moved by
  horse or oxen, etc)

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• Early Settlement of the Interior
• Cheap land finally lured people west.
• Canals and steam boats made movement easier.
• Most stopped in the Midwest b/c of a lack of
  trees further west. No one settled on the Great
  Plains yet.
• Center is at Cincinnati by 1880.

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• Settlement of the Great Plains
• Center kept moving west after 1880, but didnt
  move fast b/c it was offset by large scale
  immigration in the east.
• Better agriculture helped people to farm (barbed
  wire, steel plow, windmill)
• Railroads transported goods and sold land to
  farmers
• Center moved west rapidly after 1950. Jumped
  Miss River in 1980.

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• Recent Migration to the South
• During 1990s, first time people moved out of the
  west.
• Pop center has moved south since the 1920s.
• During 1990s, 450,000 moved to South just from
  the Northeast, compared to 300,000 who moved out
  of the South.

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• Interregional Migration to South
• People migrate to the South for jobs. Higher
  growth rate than the rest of the country.
• Environmental reasons sunbelt year round
  recreation
• Outsiders believe South has stolen jobs, but
  most are new jobs.
• Income in the South was 10 lower than rest of
  country in 2000, 1/3 lower in 1960s, and 2/3
  lower in 1930s.

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Annual migration in thousands
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MIGRATION WITHIN ONE REGION (aka intraregional)

• Since 1880, the main type of intraregional
  migration is from rural areas to urban areas.
• Globally, 5 lived in urban areas in 1880, 50
  today.

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Migration From Rural to Urban

• Urbanization began in the 1800s in Europe and N
  America.
• In US 5 lived in cities in 1800, 50 in 1920,
  75 today.
• 75 is the general rule in industrialized
  countries.
• Worldwide, 20 million people move from rural to
  urban annually.
• An extreme example is São Paulo, Brazil over
  300,000 move there per year.
• Many must live in squatter settlements outside
  the city known as favelas.

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Favela outside São Paulo
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• Like other migrants, most move intraregionally
  for economic advancement.

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Millions of People Living in Urban Areas
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Migration From Urban to Suburban Areas

• Usually occurs in MDCs.
• In US, 6 million move out of cities, while only 3
  million move into cities per year.
• Pop of cities have declined, while pop of suburbs
  have grown rapidly.
• Not b/c people are changing jobs, but b/c of the
  pull of suburban lifestyle. Garage and driveway,
  suburban schools are better, people still have
  access to city.
• To accommodate these moves, farms are being
  converted to housing developments.

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US Intraregional Migration
Figures show avg. migration (in millions)
during the 1990s.
The largest flow by far was from central cities
to suburbs.
Slightly more people migrated from urban to
rural than from rural to urban.
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Migration From Metropolitan to Nonmetropolitan
Areas.

• New trend in late 1900s in Eur and N Am.
• For first time, more people moved into rural
  areas than emigrated out.
• Net migration from urban to rural areas is called
  counterurbanization.
• People are lured by the countryside, chance to
  own land, open spaces, etc.
• Not far from cities, can work from home. No
  location is truly isolated today.

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Chapter Conclusion (sort of)

• Migration is causing most of the population
  growth in stage 3 and especially stage 4
  countries.
• Too many variables go into determining future
  levels of migration to predict future growth.
  (bad economies, future laws, etc.)
• However, the more we know, the better off we are.