Ch. 3 Migration

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Ch. 3 Migration
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What is Migration?

• Movement of people across space
• Speeds diffusion of ideas, intensifies spatial
  interaction, is linked to environment

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Types of Movement

• Cyclic Movement- involves shorter periods away
  begins at home and ends there as well
• Activity Space movement is an example
• Commuting to work is an example
• (transportation has expanded activity spaces
  greatly)
• Seasonal Movement also (traveling to FL for
  winter/summer and then back north)
• Nomadism- takes place across familiar landscapes
  year round

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What is activity space?

• The great majority of people have a daily routine
  that takes them through a sequence of short moves
  that geographers call activity space.
• America is the worlds most mobile society.
• Technology has greatly expanded activity space,
  particularly in wealthier, more developed
  countries.

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Periodic Movement- Longer period of time away,
but still returning home

• Migrant Labor- (FL and California Fields)
• Transhumance- pastoral farming where ranchers
  move livestock to pastures from mountains
• In Switzerland, cattle are driven up the
  mountains in the summer and farm families take up
  residence in summer cottages.
• College and Military service as well require you
  to be away for long periods of time

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Migration- Permanent relocation across
significant distances

• International migration- movement across country
  borders
• Emigration (leaving country) Immigration
  (entering country)
• Internal Migration- within a single countrys
  borders
• Today most people are leaving NE to move south
  and west
• US is most mobile population in the world
• (5 mil state to state each year, 35 mil within
  state)

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Why do People Migrate?

• Forced Migration- involves the imposition of
  authority or power to force another to move

• Voluntary Migration-

• Atlantic Slave Trade was most devastating in
  history
• 12 million to 30 million moved from Africa to the
  Americas (p. 75 map)
• Convicts shipped from Britain to Australia in
  1788
• Nazi Germany relocated millions of Jews from
  their homes in the 1930s

• Voluntary Migration- weigh choices and make
  decision to migrate or not

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Forced Slave Migration
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Push and Pull Factors in Voluntary Migration

• Push Factor-

• Pull Factor-

• - conditions to cause a person to want to LEAVE a
  place (high crime)

• circumstances that ATTRACT a person to a place
  (close to work, good yard)

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What are push factors of migration?

• Defined unfavorable characteristics of a locale
  that contribute to the dissatisfaction of its
  residents and impel their emigration
• Examples widespread unemployment poverty
  discrimination political unrest war famine
  and/or drought land shortage overpopulation

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What are pull factors of migration?

• Defined characteristics of a locale that act as
  attractive forces, drawing migrants from other
  places
• Examples employment opportunities political
  and/or personal freedoms (speech religion, right
  to vote, etc.) land amenities (e.g. retirement)
• Important to note Many people move based on
  excessively positive images and expectations (not
  always accurate).

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Ernst Ravensteins 5 laws of Migration

• Every Migration flow generates a return or
  counter migration
• Haitians from Florida
• Afghans from Pakistan/Pakistan has forced the
  repatriation of thousands of Afghans.
• The majority of migrants move short distances
• Migrants that move longer distances tend to
  choose big-city destinations
• Urban residents are less migratory than
  inhabitants of rural areas
• Families are less likely to make international
  moves than young adults

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Other terms important to migration

• Distance Decay- migrants will move a shorter
  distance b/c they know more about what is near-
  says the further you are from a point, the fewer
  migrants you will find from that point
• Step Migration- most migrants move from rural
  areas to a village, then a town, later a city,
  and finally a metropolis (large city)
• Intervening Opportunity- During a long migration,
  the tendency to find a location to suit your
  purposes before reaching the intended destination
• African Americans traveling north to find work
  after WWI would stop before reaching Chicago or
  St. Louis because they would find other work
  before they made it

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Migration Terms

• Brain Drain Large-scale emigration of talented
  people.
• Illegal Immigration Illegally migrating to a
  place without specific permission by that
  country.
• Intervening Obstacle An environmental or
  cultural feature that hinders migration.

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Types of Push and Pull Factors

• Economic Conditions- Poverty drives people to
  move away from their homes, also perceived
  opportunity in another country for work
• Political Circumstances- Oppressive regimes cause
  people to flee their homelands
• Armed Conflict and Civil War- Yugoslavias civil
  war drove out 3 million
• Rwandas civil war caused 2 million to flee in
  Hutu / Tutsi conflict
• Environmental Conditions- if crops destroyed,
  earthquakes, hurricanes, volcanic eruptions

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Reasons continued

• Environmental Conditions
• Potato Famine in Ireland (1840s)
• Major earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or
  hurricanes (Gulf Coast of U.S.2005)
• Culture and Tradition
• Muslims migrated from India when it was
  partitioned
• Jews left the former Soviet Union for Israel

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Other reasons/catalysts for migration

• Armed conflict and civil war
• Three million people drive from their homes in
  the former Yugoslavia
• Civil war in Rwanda (Hutu and Tutsis)
• Political circumstances
• Oppressive regimes
• Cuba
• Vietnams boat people

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Continued Push and Pull Factors

• Culture and Traditions- Fear that your culture
  will be persecuted against
• Muslims left India and created Pakistan b/c India
  was primarily Hindu
• Technological Advances- Transportation
  communication make travel easier and people know
  more about far away places to travel there
• Kinship Links- strengthened ties between family
  due to communication technology
• Chain Migration- One member of family moves, then
  brings other to the new locale
• Immigration Waves- Swells of migration from one
  place to the other same destination

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Continued

• Power Relationships (Gender, Ethnicity, Race,
  Money)
• Women in the Middle East hire Southeast Asians to
  establish a position of power over them.
• (Race) Carpet companies in Dalton, GA hire
  Mexican immigrants because they perceive them to
  be more hardworking and loyal.

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Where do People Migrate?

• Global Migration Flows
• Before 1500- Random global-scale migration,
  1800s- colonization with explorers

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International Migration
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Regional Migration Flows

• Economic Opportunities European colonialism
  brought islands of development- isolated areas of
  development in a port city usually
• Most was based on trade, so people settled on
  coasts and in cities
• Chinese moved to cities throughout SE Asia for
  work during colonialism stayed (p. 83 map)
• Within West Africa, oil-producing areas of
  Nigeria are islands of development. Poor people
  for Togo, Benin, and Ghana flocked there for jobs
  and were later expelled by the Nigerian government

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Reconnection of Cultural Groups

• Jewish Immigrants returned to Israel after 1948
  when it was created

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Conflict and War

• 15 million Germans moved to E. Germany after
  WWII, almost 8 million others left Europe
  altogether
• 1959 Fidel Castro took control of Cuba and began
  establishing a communist government. Cuban
  migration soared and the U.S. government
  formalized the Cuban Airlift for those who
  desired to escape communism. Many settled in the
  Miami area. Dade County is bicultural and
  bilingual. Later the wet foot-dry foot policy was
  adopted

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National Migration Flows

• Within USA- westward movement throughout history
• After Civil War and WWII, northward movement for
  African Americans for work
• After 1970s, trend reversed, moving people back
  south after Civil Rights Movement

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Westward Movment of the U.S. Population
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National Migration Trends
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Interregional Migration - Movement From One
Region to Another
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Movement of African Americans
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Guest Workers

• Europe lost so many people in WWII that they
  brought temporary workers called guest workers
  into their countries- problem was that most
  stayed!
• They are legal immigrants who have work visas
  (usually short term)
• They are often abused by their employers because
  they are unaware of their rights.

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• As the need for labor has declined host countries
  have tried to send them back (Nigeria). In some
  cases their governments bring them back, as in
  the case of Indonesia just before the Iraqi War,
  they pulled 30,000 Indonesians working in the
  Middle East.
• Guest Workers alter the cultural landscape of the
  region building temples, mosques, restaurants,
  grocery stores, shops, and service industries.

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Guest Workers
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Refugees

• -Large scale population movements can create
  problems (especially when forced by conflict)

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UNHCR- United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees

• Supports refugees
• Funds relief efforts
• Negotiates with governments
• In 2007 UNHCR reported 11.4 million refugees (not
  including Palestinians in Jordan and Syria)
  forced from their homes and across country
  borders.
• Internally displaced persons (IDPs) are people
  who have been displaced within their own
  countries (such as victims of Hurricane Katrina)
  but do not cross international borders as they
  flee. They remain uncounted.

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Refugees-

• a person who has a well founded fear of being
  persecuted for reasons of race, religion,
  nationality, membership of a particular social
  group or political opinion
• -What is wrong with this statement? What words
  are up for interpretation?

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• In 2000, 24 million refugees
• This number is in dispute, the number is probably
  higher
• well founded leaves a lot of room for
  interpretation
• Refugees often flee to remote areas and are not
  counted
• Governments sometimes manipulate the numbers
• Biggest problem with UN definition is with
  internal refugees (intranational refugees)
• If you qualify as a refugee, you get some
  assistance and qualify for asylum

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Characteristics of a Refugee

• Most only take personal items that they can carry
• Move by foot, boat, bike etc- (not using modern
  technology, not many resources)
• Do not have official documents (passport, ID)

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Regions of Dislocation

• Sub-Saharan Africa
• Hutu and Tutsi in Rwanda civil war causing many
  refugees
• Sudan has the worst refugee crisis in Africa
  today. Tensions have risen between Arab Muslims
  in the north and African Christians and animists
  to the south.
• North Africa and SW Asia
• Kurds, Palestinians, Afghans Iraq tried to
  nerve gas and kill its Kurd minority
• The latest war in Iraq has generated 2 million
  refugees that are living in neighboring Syria and
  Jordan.

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Refugees in Africa
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• South Asia
• From Afghanistan into Pakistan war from the US
  causes migrants
• Civil War in Sri Lanka between the Tamils and the
  Sinhalese has created 200,000 displaced person.
• Southeast Asia
• Vietnam created a mass exodus of 1 -2 million
  after the Communists took over it.
• Cambodia generated 300,000 refugees during the
  Khmer Rouge campaign.
• Myanmar in the site of internal refugees that are
  the result of the 2004 tsunami, 2008 cyclone, and
  oppressive rule.
• Europe
• Collapse of Yugoslavia- caused civil war and
  Muslims and Christians killed each other

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Boat People Refugees from Southeast Asia
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Policies Targeting Migration

• Legal and illegal immigration is an issue all
  over the world
• Example- California wants federal aid to improve
  services for illegal immigration because the
  government cant control borders effectively
• Arizona is trying to stiffen control on
  immigration
• South Florida has both Cuban and Haitian illegal
  immigrants

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Legal Restrictions

• Immigration laws to keep out in the past
• Chinese from California -Oriental Exclusion Acts
  (1882-1907)
• Nonwhites from Australia- 1901- Immigration
  Restriction Act
• The US limits immigrants from countries Following
  WWI, the U.S. turned to isolationism (staying out
  of entanglements abroad)

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Other countries have immigration restrictions as
well

• New Zealand prefers British background
• Brazil- farming background
• Singapore- financially secure Chinese

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Post-September 11th Migration

• Prior to September 11th U.S. border patrol was
  concerned primarily with drug traffickers and
  human smugglers.
• Post-September 11th policies have affected asylum
  seekers, illegal immigrants, and legal
  immigrants.
• Security concerns have been priority for
  migration laws

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• 33 countries identified as sites where al-Qaeda
  or other terrorist groups operate
• Anyone from these countries seeking asylum
  (safety) is detained and questioned
• Fence on Mexico border is intended to keep
  terrorists from using Mexico as a staging point
  for bombs, etc.
• Human Rights First, Amnesty International, and
  the Migration Policy Institute claim the new
  government crackdown violated civil liberties,
  slows traffic, the flow of business, and tourism.

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Case Study The US-Mexican Border
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The US Border looking into Mexico
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Flood lights illuminate the border
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Border Patrol
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Million Dollar Mile
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Border Patrol
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Million Dollar Mile
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Looking into the US
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The Great Divide Mexico is on the right