Revolutionary War

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Revolutionary War

• Unit 1, Part B
• SOL VUS.4a-c

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French and Indian War

• Fourth war between France and Great Britain
• Known as the Seven Years War in Europe
• France and Great Britain were competing for a
  world empire
• Great Britain will win after struggling early
  during the war

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• France will lose all land east of the Mississippi
  River and Canada
• Because of the cost of the war and other
  problems, Great Britain will pass several actions
  which angered the colonists

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• Proclamation Act of 1763
• prohibited settlement west of the Appalachian
  Mts., an area the colonists had just fought to
  win (it was too expensive for the British to
  protect the colonists from the Natives)

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• New Taxes
• Britain passed taxes on legal documents (STAMP
  ACT), tea, and sugar to help pay for the war and
  for troops to help protect the colonists.

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• The colonists refused to pay direct taxes because
  they felt they were not directly represented by
  the Parliament of Great Britain (TAXATION WITHOUT
  REPRESENTATION)

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Resistance to British Rule

• 1770--Boston Massacre--five colonists killed by
  British soldiers after the soldiers opened fire
  on a group of anti-British demonstrators
  (African American Crispus
  Attucks was the first to be killed)

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• 1773--Boston Tea Party-- Colonists protested the
  passage of the Tea Act by destroying tea
  belonging to the East India Company. They
  boarded ships and dumped it into the harbor.
  Great Britain put Boston under martial law and
  ordered the tea paid for.

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• 1774--First Continental Congress meeting
  in Philadelphia to discuss the problems with
  Britain. Twelve out of thirteen colonies were
  represented (GA). It was the first time the
  colonies had acted together.

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• 1775--Lexington and Concord-- War began after a
  brief skirmish between British soldiers and the
  Minutemen. (citizen solders who could be ready
  in a minute)

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Differences among the Colonists

• 3 main groups
• 1. Patriots
• believed in complete independence from England
• inspired by the ideas of Locke and Paine

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• as well as the words of Patrick Henry Give me
  liberty, or give me Death
• Provided the troops for the American army, which
  was led by George Washington (who was also from
  Virginia)

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• 2. Loyalists (Tories)
• remained loyal to Britain based on cultural and
  economic ties
• believed that taxation of the colonies to pay for
  British troops to protect American settlers from
  Indian attacks

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• 3. Neutrals
• The many colonists who tried to stay as
  uninvolved in the war as possible

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John Locke

• During the Enlightenment (period in Europe in the
  17th and 18th centuries) new ideas developed
  about the rights of people and their relationship
  to their rulers.

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• Lockes ideas more than any other person
  influenced the American belief in
  self-government.

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• All people are free, equal, and have Natural
  Rights of life, liberty, and property that
  cannot be taken away.

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• All original power resides in the people, and
  they consent to enter into a Social Contract
  among themselves to form a government to protect
  their rights.

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• In return, the people promise to obey the laws
  and rules established by their government,
  establishing a system of ordered liberty

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• Governments powers are limited to those the
  people have consented to give to it. Whenever
  government becomes a threat to the peoples
  natural rights, it breaks the social contract and
  the people have the right to alter or overthrow
  it.

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• Lockes ideas about the sovereignty and the
  rights of the people were radical and challenged
  the centuries old practice throughout the world
  of dictatorial rule by kings, emperors, and
  tribal chiefs

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Thomas Paine and Common Sense

• Thomas Paine was an English immigrant to America
  who produced a pamphlet known as Common Sense
  that challenged the rule of the American colonies
  by the King of England

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• Common Sense was read and acclaimed by many
  American colonists during the mid 1770s and
  contributed to growing sentiment for independence
  from England.

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Declaration of Independence

• The eventual draft of the Declaration of
  Independence, reflected the ideas of Locke and
  Paine.
• Authored by Thomas Jefferson of Virginia.

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• We hold these truths to be self-evident, that
  all men are created equal, that they are endowed
  by their Creator with certain unalienable rights,
  that among these are life, liberty and the
  pursuit of happiness.

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• That to secure these rights, governments are
  instituted among men, deriving their just powers
  from the consent of the governed

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• That whenever any form of government becomes
  destructive of these ends, it is the right of the
  people to alter or abolish it, and to institute
  new government

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• Jefferson then went on to detail many of the
  grievances against the king that Paine had
  earlier described in Common Sense.

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Factors leading to colonial victory

• 1. Diplomatic Factors
• Benjamin Franklin negotiated a Treaty of Alliance
  with France. The French recognized the American
  nation and provided supplies, a navy and troops
  which helped the Americans win.

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• 2. Military factors
• George Washington, general of the American Army,
  avoided any situation which threatened the
  destruction of his army, and kept the army
  together when defeat seemed inevitable.

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• Americans benefited from the presence of the
  French army and navy at the Battle of Yorktown,
  which ended the war with an American victory