An Agrarian Republic 1790 - 1824

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An Agrarian Republic1790 - 1824

• Out of Many
• Chapter 9

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North American Communities from Coast to Coast
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The Former American Colonies

• Two-thirds of Americans lived in a long thin line
  of settlement w/in 50 miles of the coast
• Never travelled far from home
• From 1790-1800, the population grew by 1.4
  million people
• In 1800, few people would have guessed that the
  nation would eventually encompass the entire
  continent

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Spanish Colonies

• Tensions mounted between peninsulares criollos
• Peninsulares Spanish-born
• Criollos native born
• Spanish established a chain of 21 missions in a
  last effort to protect Mexico
• American traders were making inroads on
  Spanish-held territory along the MS River
• Americans knew that whoever had control over New
  Orleans had the power to choke off the
  flourishing trade in the MS Valley river system

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Haiti the Caribbean

• The Caribbean islands provided 80-90 of the
  European supply of sugar
• All plantations used slave labor
• 1791, revolt in French colony Saint-Dominique
• Led by Toussaint L Ouverture
• Involved sugar plantation slaves
• Renamed the country Haiti
• Became the Americas firstindependent black
  nation
• Struck fear into the hearts ofwhite slave owners
• Became a beacon of hope forblacks

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British North America

• British authorities discouraged American
  immigrants from settling among the French
  citizens in Quebec
• British kept the legislatures under strong
  executive control
• Dominated the continental fur trade

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Russian America

• Occupied what is now Alaska
• The Russian-American Company, chartered by the
  tsar in 1799, set up American trading
  headquarters in Kodiak
• The Russian presence in North America was rapidly
  expanding
• Far from the minds of the Americans as they
  focused more on the British to the North of them
  in the Caribbean

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Trans-Appalachia Cincinnati

• By 1800, about 500,000 people had found rich
  fertile land along the OH River system
• Created enough population for the creation of two
  new states
• Kentucky (1792)
• Tennessee (1796)
• Cincinnati, founded in 1788, began life as a
  military fort
• In 1800, only 750 people lived there. 10 years
  later, it had tripled in size
• the Queen City of the West

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Atlantic Ports From Charleston to Boston

• Atlantic ports continued to dominate the nation
  economically politically
• Benefited from the advantage of relatively quick
  trade communication
• Charleston, Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York,
  Boston - most important urban centers
• Though small in population,these cities led the
  nationsocially, politically, economically

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A National Economy
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Cotton the Economyof the Young Republic

• In 1800, the US was predominantly rural
  agricultural
• 94 of Americans lived in communities of fewer
  than 2,500 people
• Crops were grown for home use rather than for
  sale
• Demand for cotton was growing rapidly
• response to the boom in the industrial production
  of textiles in England
• Downside extracting seeds form the fibers of
  cotton required an enormous investment of labor
• 1793, the cotton gin was invented

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Shipping the Economic Boom

• French Revolution initiated renewed period of
  warfare between France Britain
• American merchantswanted to supply both sides
• Would have to use neutralAmerican ships
• Expansion of trade led todevelopment of
  shipbuilding industry growth of coastal cities

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The Jefferson Presidency
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ELECTION OF 1800

• Jefferson Burr Republican P VP
• Adams Pinckney Federalist P VP
• Jefferson Burr each get 73 votes
• Election thrown into House of Reps each state
  gets one vote (16 states)
• 35 ballot deadlock
• Finally, HAMILTON convinces NY to change vote
• 12th Amendment will change electoral college P
  VP now voted for separately

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JEFFERSON, Third President

• Will serve two terms Republican VA
• Hates crowds and making speeches
• Multi-talented
• Agriculturalist, Author, Architect, Attorney,
  Linguist, Educator, Inventor
• Probably the most intelligent President of U.S.

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Jeffersons Inaugural Address Approach to
Office

• Principles espoused in inaugural address
• Majority rule with minority rights
• Equal rights for all people
• Source of govts power is the people
• Against entangling alliances
• Promises to preserve govts credit/pay off debts
• Promises to stimulate commerce as well as
  agriculture
• Stresses need to deemphasize party politics We
  are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.
• Becomes a MODERATE
• Did cut taxes (like Whiskey tax)
• Naturalization Act 5 yrs. Reestablished
• Did NOT try to alter balance of fed state power
  but did have fundamental belief in strong states
  and individual rights
• Reduced size of military eliminated federal
  jobs
• New tone played down ceremonial aspects of
  presidency

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Jefferson the Courts

• Fundamental belief that courts consistentlyoverst
  epped their bounds in decisions
• throwing an anchor ahead
• Angered that Federalists had appointed the
• midnight judges
• Chief Justice John Marshall the cousin he
  hated
• Judiciary Act of 1801 appointing of midnight
  judges
• Marbury v. Madison
• Marbury sues Madison for delivery of his
  commission as a justice of peace
• Marshall ruled against Marbury
• Established principle of JUDICIAL REVIEW
• Supreme Court has authority to review acts of
  Congress ( P) and determine whether they are
  constitutional
• Jefferson furious seeks impeachment of Chase

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Louisiana Purchase

• SP-FR transfer in 1800 in a secrettreaty
• Right of deposit revoked 1802
• Problem of a French Louisiana?
• Fear that so long as a foreign powerthe river _at_
  New Orleans, the US riskedentanglement in
  European affairs
• James Monroe Robert Livingston sent
• to FR in 1803 to seek purchase of New Orleans
  (10M)
• If negotiations failed, instructed to seek an
  AM/BR alliance
• Napoleon's reason for selling
• Santo Domingo defeat doesnt need LA as
  breadbasket
• About to go to war with Britain
• Hamilton also instrumental-Napoleon paid in U.S.
  bonds
• Terms 15M for entire area of 828,000 sq. mi.
• Reps went beyond their powers of authority
  accepted offer
• Jefferson troubled by constitutionality of the
  purchase
• Justified the purchase on basis that it was part
  of Ps implied powers to protect the nation
• Stated that it could be applied to the
  Presidents powers to make treaties

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Effects of Louisiana Purchase

• Doubled the size of the US
• Removed a foreign presence from the nations
  borders
• Guaranteed the extension of the western frontier
  to lands beyond the MS river
• Strengthened Jeffersons hopes that the countrys
  future would be based on an agrarian society
  rather than an urban industrial one
• Composed of or pertaining to farmers rural
  agricultural
• Increase Jeffersons popularity

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LEWIS CLARKEXPEDITION, 1804-1806

• Even before the LA purchase, Jefferson had
  persuaded Congress to fund a scientific
  exploration of the MS West
• Accomplished all objectives
• TO FIND THE SOURCE OF THE MISSOURI RIVER
• FIND A USABLE ROUTE ACROSS THE ROCKY MTNS. TO THE
  PACIFIC OCEAN
• OBSERVE INDIAN CUSTOMS, FEATURES OF THE LAND,
  WEATHER, PLANTS ANIMALS

• Guide/Interpreter
• Sacagawea Bird Woman
• Shoshone Indian, married to a French-Canadian
  trapper
• York black slave hunting, fishing skills
• 48 men on the expedition

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Benefits of Expedition

• Increased geographic scientific knowledge of
  previously unexplored country
• Strengthened US claims to the Oregon Territory
• Improved relations with Native American tribes
• Developed maps land routes for furtrappers
  futuresettlers

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Jeffersons Reelection

• In 1804, Jefferson was reelected by an
  overwhelming majority
• Received all but 14 of the 176 electoral votes
• Burr wasnt elected as VP
• Instead, George Clinton was elected
• Second term would be marked by growing
  difficulties
• Plots of VP Burr
• Opposition from a faction of his party which
  accused him of abandoning Republican principles
• Foreign troubles from the Napoleonic wars in
  Europe

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Aaron Burr Vice President

• A Republican caucus in 1804 decided not to
  nominate Burr for a second term as VP
• Burr then embarked on a series of ventures that
  included trying to break up the Union the death
  of Hamilton
• Federalist Conspiracy
• Secretly formed a political pact w/ some radical
  New England Federalists, Burr planned on winning
  race for NY governor
• Would then unite NY with New England states
  secede from the nation
• Defeated in the NY election
• Trial for Treason
• By 1806, Burrs interests turned westward
• Made a plan to take Mexico from SP unite it w/
  LA under his rule
• Jefferson ordered Burrs arrest trial for
  treason
• Acquitted lack of witness

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BURR vs. HAMILTON

• Burr leaves Vice Presidency runs for Gov. of
  NY
• Hamilton works against him keeps him from
  winning also exposes Burrs NE conspiracy (Essex
  Junto)
• Burr challenges Hamilton to a duel
• NJ, July -1804
• Hamilton fires to miss Burr fires to kill
• Hamilton mortally wounded dies bankrupt
  Federalists leaderless
• Burrs career over he LA Gov. plot to take
  over Mexico arrested tried for treason
  acquitted flees to Europe
• Video Clip

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Difficulties Abroad

• As a matter of policy principle, Jefferson
  tried to avoid war w/ a foreign power
• Fought to maintain US neutrality in the face of
  increasing provocation from both BR FR during
  the Napoleonic wars
• Barbary Pirates
• First major challenge to Jeffersons foreign
  policies
• Previously, Washington Adams paid tribute to
  the pirates to prevent them seizing US ships
• They demanded a higher tribute once Jefferson
  took office
• Jefferson sent a small fleet of vessels to the
  Mediterranean
• Sporadic fighting happened over 4 years
• Not a victory, but the US gained some respect

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Difficulties Abroad

• Challenges to US Neutrality
• The Napoleonic wars continued todominate the
  politics of Europe
• To a lesser extent, they were impacting the
  commercial economy of the US
• Both FR BR were attempting naval blockades of
  enemy ports
• Regularly seizing the ships of neutral nations
  confiscating their cargoes
• Chief offender from the US point of view was BR
• Most infuriating was BR capturing US sailors
  impressing (forcing) them to serve in the British
  navy
• Chesapeake-Leopard Affair
• 1807, the British warship Leopard fired on the US
  warship Chesapeake miles off the VA coast
• 3 Americans were killed 4 others taken captive
• Many Americans demanded war Jefferson referred
  to diplomacy economic pressure instead

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EMBARGO ACT of 1807

• Americans are clamoring for war Jefferson
• responds instead with the EMBARGO ACT.
• wanted to keep US ships off seas safe from BR
  FR
• Hoped that BR would stop violating the rights of
  neutral ships rather than stop trade
• Economic sanction against the BR FR
• Outlawed all trade with foreign countries
• No US ships could leave country to trade
• Doesnt really hurt BR or FR
• BR substituted w/ supplies from S. America
• Has disastrous effects for US
• Goods rotting on the docks
• Smuggling increases
• Got so bad, New England states threatened to
  secede from the union
• Will be repealed during Jeffersons last week in
  office Non-Intercourse Act substituted (reopened
  trade with all except BR FR)
• Macons Bill No.2, 1810
• Nathaniel Macon, congressman, introduced a bill
  that restored trade w/ BR FR
• Would only do so though if they ceased their
  hostile treatment of neutral US ships

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• Jeffersons miscalculations
• Extent of European dependence on American trade
• Unpopularity of act difficulty of enforcing it
  in America
• One positive effect Manufacturing renewed in
  New England
• Published in 1808 in protest of the Jeffersonian
  Embargo Act of 1807
• Depicts a snapping turtle, jaws lock fiercely to
  an American trader
• Trader is attempting to carry a barrel of goods
  onto a British ship
• Trader curses the Ograbme or embargo spelled
  backwards

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Jefferson wants to be remembered as
The Founder Of the University of Virginia
the Author of the Declaration of Independence
NOT as President
Monticello
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JAMESMADISON4TH President

• Two Terms, Republican, VA
• Had served as Jeffersons Secretary of State
• Jeffersons hand-picked successor for President
• Shortest President 54 less than 100 pounds
• Macons Bill No. 2, 1810
• Commerce restored with all
• BUT violation of neutral commerce would require
  reapplication of Non-Intercourse Act

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TECUMSEH THE BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE

• While Tecumseh is away, his forces defeated by
  William Henry Harrison at Battle of Tippecanoe
• End of his Indian confederation by 1811
• Westerners claimed that the confederation was
  actually a BR scheme cried for war against BR
• Tecumseh joins BR dies fighting with them in
  War of 1812

• Shawnee Indian excellent leader and warrior
• Formed a Confederation of Indians in
  trans-Appalachian region
• Brother, Tenskwatawa the Prophet a fanatic
  who is on moral crusade for Indians to give up
  white culture reclaim their own

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War Hawks

• A congressional election in 1810 had brought a
  group of new, young Republicans to Congress
• Many from the frontier states of KY, TN, OH
• Henry Clay (KY) Jay Calhoun (SC)
• Quickly gained a significant influence in the
  House of Representatives
• Eager for war with Britain
• Gained the nickname War Hawks
• Argued that war would allow the US to
• Defend their honor
• Gain Canada
• Destroy Native American resistance on the frontier

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The War of 1812Mr. Madisons War or The
Second War for Independence

• US declares war against British
• Impressments
• BR interference with US trade neutrality rights
• BR inciting of Indians (Westerners)
• Land fever (FL, Canada)
• Objections to War (Federalists/NE)
• Economic reasons would be worse than Orders in
  Council
• Realism foolish to take on strongest Navy in
  word
• Real threat is Napoleon aiding him if we go to
  war with BR

IRONY The British govt by this time (June 1812)
had agreed to suspend its naval blockade. News of
its decision reached the White House after
Congress had declared war.
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A Divided Nation

• Neither Congress nor Americans were united in
  their opinions of the war
• South, West, PA, VT provided the majority for
  war declaration
• NY, NJ, New England states voted against the
  war
• Election of 1812
• Republican strength in the South/West overcame
  the Federalist opposition
• Madison won reelection, defeating De Witt Clinton
  (NY)

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Military Strategies, Defeats, Naval Victories

• Hope for victory relied on 2 things
• Napoleons continued success in Europe
• A U.S. land campaign against Canada
• Invasion of Canada
• Initiated with a 3-part invasion
• Detroit, Niagara, Lake Champlain
• Easily repulsed by British
• Burning of York (Toronto) only served to
  encourage retaliation by the British

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Naval Victories

• Naval Battles
• U.S. navy had superior shipbuilding capabilities
• US warship Constitution (nicknamed Old
  Ironsides) defeated sunk a British ship off of
  the coast of Nova Scotia
• Ship was built in Boston in 1797 is still a US
  Navy ship and a living museum of naval history.
• American Privateers captured numerous British
  merchant ships

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COMMANDER OLIVER HAZARD PERRY LAKE ERIE

• Most important naval victory in the War
• Summer 1813
• 28 year old captain
• Battle lasted 3 long hours
• Perrys ship shot to pieces
• Had to row to sister ship, Niagara, during heavy
  battle
• Took charge of Niagra and defeated British
• We have met the enemy and they are ours!
• Instant hero
• Prepared the way for General William Henry
  Harrisons military victory at the Battle of
  Thames River (near Detroit)
• British forced to retreat and to abandon their
  plan of invading NY New England

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British Strategy

• After Napoleon's defeat in 1814, concentrate
  entire forces on US
• Attack from Chesapeake Bay
• Washington, D.C.
• Baltimore, MD
• Attack at New Orleans

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Military Engagements

• Chesapeake Campaign
• Spring 1814, the defeat of Napoleon in Europe
  enabled the British to increase their forces in
  N. America
• That summer, British army marched through
  Washington set fire to the White House, Capitol
  building, other govt buildings
• Fort McHenry
• British tried to take the city of Baltimore
• Fort McHenry held out after a nights bombardment
• Event immortalized by Francis Scott Keys The
  Star-Spangled Banner
• Southern Campaign
• Troops commanded by General Andrew Jackson
• March 1814, Battle of Horseshoe Bend (AL) ended
  the power of the Creek Indians
• Eliminated the Native American ally to the
  British
• Opened new lands to white settlers
• Battle of New Orleans
• January 8, 1815
• Meaningless fought 2 weeks after a treaty
  ending the war had been signed

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Battle of New Orleans Sheltered behind earthen
parapet cotton bales. Picked off 2000 BR
soldiers as they advance in open.
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The Treaty of Ghent

• BY 1814, the British were weary of war
• Fought Napoleon for 10 years
• Faced w/ the prospect of maintaining peace
  inEurope
• Madison recognized that the US would beunable to
  win a decisive victory
• American peace commissioners traveled toGhent,
  Belgium
• On Christmas Eve, 1814 an agreement was reached
  which terms included
• A halt to fighting
• The return of all conquered territory to
  theprewar claimant
• Recognition of the prewar boundary betweenCanada
  the US
• Ratified by the Senate in 1815
• Said nothing about the grievances that led to war
• Impressments, blockades, other maritime
  differences
• War ended in a stalemate with no gain for either
  side

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HARTFORD CONVENTION

• NE Federalists Dec. 1814 / Jan. 1815
• To protest war plan convention of states to
  revise Constitution
• Primary concern continuation of trade w/BR
• Radicals seeking secession minority
• Proposed Constitutional amendments
• Repeal 3/5 compromise
• Require 2/3 vote of Congress for war new states
• Reduce Congress power to restrict trade
• Limit Ps to 1 term
• Totally discredited by Treaty why?

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The Wars Legacy

• Achieved none of its original aims
• US gained the respect of other nations
• US came to accept Canada as a neighbor
• Widely denounced talks of secession
• Federalist party came to an end as a natl force
• Talk of nullification secession sets a
  precedent for later
• Native Americans in the West were forced to
  surrender large areas of land to white settlement
• More US factories were built Americans took a
  big step toward industrial self-sufficiency
• War heroes (Jackson Harrison) would soon be in
  the forefront of a new generation of political
  leaders
• Strong feelings of American nationalism grew as
  well as a belief that the future of the US lay in
  the West away from Europe

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Defining the Boundaries

• Westward Surge
• By 1820, 25 of the population lived west of the
  Appalachians
• Group settlement was common
• Lure of new land pulled farmers west
• Land Act of 1820
• 1.25/acre, min. 80 acre purchase, 100 down
  payment
• Most liberal land law, but still favored
  speculators

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James Monroe, 5

• Two terms, Republican, from VA
• Of the first 5 presidents, 4 were from VA
• Whose the exception?
• John Adams - Massachusetts
• Fought at Battle of Trenton with Washington
  (Monroe was 18)
• Served as Jeffersons minister to Britain
  Madisons secretary of state
• Unopposed in 2nd term but not elected
  unanimously.
• One of 3 Presidents to die on a 4th of July
• Cabinet
• John Quincy Adams, son of former Pres.Adams Sec
  State
• John C. Calhoun, War Hawk Sec War

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NATIONALISM!!

• Republicans are only party
• Era of Good Feelings
• Focus on America lack of serious conflict

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The Era of Good Feelings

• The Monroe years were marked by a spirit of
  nationalism, optimism, goodwill
• Chiefly a result of one party (Feds) fading into
  oblivion the Republicans becoming dominant in
  all sections of the US
• Perception of unity harmony oversimplified
• Debates over tariffs, the natl bank, internal
  improvements, public land sales, slavery tensions
• Political unity also illusory factions forming
  in Republican party
• The actual period of good feelings may have
  lasted only from the election of 1816 to the
  Panic of 1819

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Economic Nationalism

• Congress passes protective tariffs to protect
  American industry
• Revenue tariffs are taxes on imported goods
  designed to raise for the govt
• Protective tariffs are high taxes on imported
  goods designed to protect American industry (make
  it cheaper to buy American than foreign goods)

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Clays AmericanSystem

• Sectional compromisesfor the good of
• the nation as a whole
• Interdependence of the sections for ex.
• East should support federal construction of
  internal improvements and, in return, would get
  Western support for protective tariff
• 3 parts
• Strong banking system provides good credit
• Protective Tariff protect eastern manufacturing
• Internal improvements (roads canals) to be paid
  for by funds from tariff

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Diplomacy of John Quincy Adams

• Monroes Secretary of State
• Set himself the task of tidying up the borders
• Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817) Convention of 1818
• fixed borders w/ US Canada at the 49th parallel
• Settled claims to Oregon
• Transcontinental Treaty of 1819
• Skillfully wrested concessions from the Spanish
  in regards to FL, OR, LA territory

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ACQUISITIONOF FLORIDA

• Was a base for British Indian operations
  against U.S. during War of1812(Spain was ally of
  British)
• Indians attacked Americans then fled back into
  FL
• Andrew Jackson sent to put downIndians - came
  after Seminoles hen seized Pensacola area for
  U.S.
• Spain furious - but Monroe issued an ultimatum
• either govern FL effectively OR
• surrender FL to the U.S.
• Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819 -- U.S. receives FL
• Paid 5 million
• Also, Spain drops all claims to LA OR
  Territories

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THE MONROE DOCTRINE

• Actually authored by John Quincy Adams (Sec. Of
  State)
• U.S. declared it would not allow any European
  countries to further colonize anywhere in the
  Americas --Western Hemisphere is off limits to
  Europe
• Interventions in the affairs of the independent
  New World nations would be considered by the US
  to be a treat to their own peace safety
• loud bark from a very small dog

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The Panic of 1819

• A delayed reaction to the end of the War of 1812
• Forced Americans to come to terms w/ their
  economic place in a peaceful world
• British merchant ships returned American
  shipping boom ended
• European farming recovered much less demand for
  American farmers
• Western land boom inflation of prices
• Many settlers bought on credit

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SECTIONAL ISSUESCONFLICT OVER WESTERN LAND

• West
• 1819 depression mostly caused by over
  speculation in frontier lands in West - West hit
  the hardest
• Poor classes created will soon be the common
  man Democrats of Andrew Jackson
• Manufacturers in NE opposed the West desire to
  promote rapid settlement by selling land cheaply
• Feared that immigrants would be drawn to the West
  and the North would lose its supply of cheap
  labor.
• Southern planters concerned about W competition.

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NORTHEAST PROTECTIVE TARIFFSHigh tax on imports
intended to protect domestic products from
foreign competition

• THE SOUTH
• Did not produce manufactured goods
• OPPOSED it caused them to pay higher prices for
  imported goods left them at the mercy of the
  North

• THE NORTH
• FAVORED
• Would allow their factories to compete
  successfully with foreign manufacturers

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THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE

• When MO applied for statehood, it could
  potentally shift the balance of slave/free states
  in the national govt

• Missouri admitted as a SLAVE state
• Maine admitted as a FREE state
• In rest of the Louisiana Purchase area
• slavery forbidden north of the 36 30 parallel
  (EXCEPT MO)
• slavery allowed south of line