DNA

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DNA RNA

• Unit 7
• Chapter 12

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DNA

• Deoxyribonucleic Acid

RNA
Ribonucleic Acid
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Where does DNA live?

• The NUCLEUS!

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Why is DNA so Important?

• DNA is a nucleic acid that contains the
  genetic information used in the development and
  functioning of all living things and some
  viruses.

DNA is like blueprints, instructions, or a
code for making proteins
DNAs codes are converted/changed into
messages (mRNA) for ribosomes to read and then
make proteins.
Proteins do most of the hard work of keeping
us alive
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What are the parts of DNA?
2 Strands called Double Helix
The Backbone Has 2 Parts

D Deoxyribose (SUGAR)
P Phosphate
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What are the parts of DNA?
The Rungs

The Nitrogen Bases
A - T C - G
A Adenine T Thymine C Cytosine G Guanine
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How to remember Nitrogen Bonds

• A bonds with T

Think A T T phone company
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How to remember Nitrogen Bonds

• C bonds with G

Think Half circles
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These are 2 examples of nucleic acids
Clicker Question 1

• A. Chloroplasts Mitochondria
• B. Carbohydrates Lipids
• C. DNA RNA
• D. Nucleus Ribosomes

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DNA holds the instructions for making
Clicker Question 2

• A. Energy
• B. Proteins
• C. Carbon dioxide
• D. Deoxyribose

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If 20 of a DNAs strand contains Thymine, then
Clicker Question 3

• A. it also has 80 Guanine
• B. it also has 50 Cytosine
• C. it also has 80 Adenine
• D. it also has 20 Adenine

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What type of sugar is found in DNA?
Clicker Question 4

• A. Phosphorous
• B. Thymine
• C. Ribose
• D. Deoxyribose

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The DNAs code is converted into _____ so it can
be sent to ribosomes to make the proteins.
Clicker Question 5

• A. DNA
• B. mRNA
• C. tRNA
• D. ATP

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What are the parts of DNA?

Nucleotides 1 Sugar 1 Phosphate 1 Nitrogen Base
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Lets PracticeWhat are the complementary
nitrogen bases in this sequence of DNA?
ATT CGT TAT CGT CTG AAA ACG
TAA
GCA
ATA
GCA
GAC
TTT
TGC
Yes! We made DNA!
What did we just do?
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Why is mRNA Important?
DNA is too big and CANT leave the nucleusit
must send messages

• mRNA is created by DNA in the nucleus

mRNA contains the messages from the DNA and
are sent to ribosomes for them to read the
instructions for making proteins
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What are the parts of RNA?

Just Like DNA, RNA has Sugar Phosphate Nitrogen
Base
RNA is Made of Ribose (SUGAR) Phosphate (same as
DNA) Nitrogen Bases (A,U, C, G)
BUT..
First Notice that RNA has 1 Strand!
U stands for Uracil. a different nitrogen base
NO THYMINE in RNA!!
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RNA Nitrogen Bases

• A bonds with U

THYMINE in RNA!!
C bonds with G
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What 3 things make up a nucleotide?
Clicker Question 6

• A. Nucleus, DNA, RNA
• B. Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine
• C. Sugar, Phosphate, a Nitrogen base
• D. Chromosomes, Genes, DNA

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Where is mRNA made?
Clicker Question 7

• A. In the nucleus
• B. In the cytoplasm
• C. In the mitochondria
• D. In the ribosomes

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What type of sugar does RNA have?
Clicker Question 8

• A. Deoxyribose
• B. Carbohydrate
• C. Ribonucleic acid
• D. Ribose

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Which of the following nitrogen bases does RNA
not have?
Clicker Question 9

• A. Uracil
• B. Thymine
• C. Adenine
• D. Cytosine

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If a strand of DNA contains 40 of Cytosine, then
Clicker Question 10

• A. it also contains 40 Guanine
• B. it also contains 60 Thymine
• C. it also contains 40 Cytosine
• D. it also contains 60 Guanine

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How does DNA tell the cell to make a specific
kind of protein?
There are 2 major steps in this process

• First Transcription

Second Translation
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How does DNA tell the cell to make a specific
kind of protein?

• Transcription Process in which mRNA is
  synthesized from the DNA template.

HINT
Transcription is when mRNA is made from
DNA.
mRNA (messenger RNA) holds the recipe
for making proteins
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How does Transcription work?

• QUESTIONhave you been to court?

There is a person typing what is said and is
creating a court transcriptwhich is really a
codeshortened versionand later the transcript
is translated into all the words that were said
for a record.
SHORTENED CODE mRNA
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Transcription Video.
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Lets PracticeCreate a RNA strand using this
sequence of DNA?
ATT CGT TAT CGT CTG AAA ACG
UAA
GCA
AUA
GCA
GAC
UUU
UGC
We just transcribed DNA into mRNA!
This is mRNA!
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What does mRNA do?
Clicker Question 11

• A. It carries the instructions from DNA to
  ribosomes to make proteins
• B. It carries instructions from the ribosomes to
  the nucleus to make DNA
• C. It carries the instructions from the nucleus
  to the mitochondria to make energy
• D. It carries instructions from the nucleus to
  the cytoplasm to make energy

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What is transcription?
Clicker Question 12

• A. The process of making energy
• B. The process of making proteins
• C. The process of making DNA
• D. The process of making mRNA

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Lets Practice This AgainCreate a RNA strand
using this sequence of DNA?
ACA CGA TTA CGG ATA CGC ATC
UGU
GCU
AAU
GCC
UAU
GCG
UAG
Now what?
YES! We transcribed/made mRNA from DNA
What did we just do?
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Now What?...Translation!

• Translation Process in which mRNA attaches to
  the ribosome and a protein is assembled/made.

Words to know
Codon 3 base code in DNA or RNA
Amino Acid Compounds joined by peptide bonds
to build proteins
ACG ATA CGG CTT
There are 20 different Amino Acids.
Ribosome Reads mRNA recipes so it can
synthesize/make proteins
Different combination of Amino Acids make
different kinds of proteins.
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Now What?...Translation!
More Words to know
tRNA (transfer RNA) Type of RNA that
transports amino acids to the ribosome
tRNA
Amino Acid
Anticodon Nitrogen bases that can pair that
corresponds with the codons
on the mRNA
Anticodon
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What happens during translation?
Peptide chain/ Protein Chain
tRNA
Amino Acid
Anticodon
Ribosome
Codon
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Translation Video...
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Link to Transcription Animation
Click Here
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Where does translation occur?
Clicker Question 13

• A. In the nucleus
• B. In the mitochondria
• C. In the DNA
• D. In the ribosome

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What is made during translation?
Clicker Question 14

• A. DNA
• B. mRNA
• C. Protein
• D. Energy

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What is another name for polypeptide chain?
Clicker Question 15

• A. Protein chain
• B. Carbohydrate chain
• C. Lipid chain
• D. Nucleic acid

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Translating mRNA codes into amino acids to create
polypeptid chains (protein chains)
1. AUG GCA UCC UGA
Methionine, Alanine, Serine, Stop
2. AUG CCC GGU UAG
Methionine, Proline, Glycine, Stop
3. AUG AAG GUG UGA
Methionine, Lysine, Valine, Stop
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What is the amino acid for the following codons?
AAU
Asparagine (Asn)
GUG
Valine (Val)
UGG
Tryptophan (Trp)
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How can knowing amino acid sequences in organisms
help biologists?

• We can use the sequences to see how organisms are
  related!

Which of the following two organisms are MOST
closely related?
Fish Sequence Methionine, Isoleucine, Arginine,
Isoleucine, Glycine, Serine
Lizard Sequence Methionine, Isoleucine, Serine,
Glycine, Alanine, Tyrosine
Frog Sequence Methionine, Isoleucine, Serine,
Leuicine, Lysine, Lysine
Bird Sequence Methionine, Isoleucine, Serine,
Glycine, Alanine, Valine
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The end For now
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DNA Mutations Technology
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What are genetic mutations?

• Mutation Permanent change in a cells DNA,
  ranging from changes in a single base pair to
  deletions of large sections of chromosomes.

Causes of mutations include Viruses
Radiation Chemicals Errors during mitosis
and meiosis
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Are mutations harmful?
Some mutations are harmful, some are beneficial,
and some do nothing.
Harmful example - Some mutations cause cancer
genetic disorders
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Are mutations harmful?
Helpful example - Sickle cell anemia prevents
malaria
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Are mutations harmful?
Not harmful or helpful - Peppered moths come in
dark or light colors
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What are some types of mutations?

• There are many different typeswe will do an
  activity that demonstrates these mutations
• 1. Insertion

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What are some types of mutations?

• 2. Deletion

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What are some types of mutations?

• 3. Translocation

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What are some types of mutations?

• 4. Duplication

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How has technology changed DNA?

• Genetic Engineering Technology used to
  manipulate an organisms DNA by inserting the DNA
  of another organism.
• Transgenic Organism Organism that is
  genetically engineered by inserting a gene from
  another organism.

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How has technology changed DNA?

• Gel Electrophoresis Process that involves using
  electric current to separate certain biological
  molecules by size.

• We use this to see DNA fragments to create a DNA
  fingerprint
• DNA fingerprints have 2 major uses
• Solve crimes
• Figuring out whos the babys daddy

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DNA Fingerprinting
Who did it?
Which of the following are his/her parents?
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What is the human genome?

• Genome Total DNA in each cell nucleus of an
  organism
• The Human Genome Project
• Began in 1990 and completed in 2003
• Found that we have 3 BILLION chemical base
  pairs
• Used to understand genetic disorders and to
  them

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What is cloning?
Cloning Process in which large numbers of
identical recombinant DNA molecules are
produced. Dolly the sheep was the first cloned
animal