Female Genital Mutilation

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Female Genital Mutilation

• Julie Baumgart
• Molly Larsen
• Erin Morcomb

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What is Female Genital Mutilation?

• Removal of all or part of.
• Clitoris
• Clitoral Hood
• Labia Minora
• Labia Majora
• Sewing together of outer labia majora to create a
  dime or nickel-sized vaginal opening

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Before and After
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Types of FGM

• Type 1 (Clitoridectomy)
• -The removal of all or part of the clitoris
• Type 2 (Excision)
• -Removal of all of part of the labia
  minora
• Type 3 (Infibulation/Pharaonic)
• -Two sides of the vulva are sewed together
  
• except for a small opening to permit the
• passage of urine and menstrual blood

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History of Female Genital Mutilation

• WHEN/WHERE?
• Developed in Islamic countries
• WHY?
• Sexuality diminished less promiscuous
• Cure insanity, epilepsy, catalepsy, hysteria
• Decreased transmission of HIV/AIDS
• Proof of virginity, dignity, fertility
• Spiritual and physical threat to baby in utero or
  to husband during sexual intercourse
• Makes young girls less masculine

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Immediate Health Risks of FGM

• Hemorrhaging
• Death
• Septicema
• Tetanus
• Urinary Tract Infection

• Kidney Infection
• Anemia
• Pubic cysts/abcesses
• Very painful menses
• Keloid formation
• Urine retention

• Dehydration
• Fever
• Gangrene
• Genital Infection

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Immediate FGM-Related Complications in Four
Kenyan Districts
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Long-term Health Risks of FGM

• Infertility
• Psychological
• Problems
• Limited
• choice of
• contraceptives
• Incontinence

• Urethral Vaginal Stenosis
• Fistula
• Birth Complications
• Dispareunia

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Chronic FGM-Related Complications Encountered by
Health Providers in Kenya
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Social Implications

• Unlikely that they will ever marry
• In Sudan
• 10 of women believed that having the procedure
  done would increase their likelihood of finding a
  husband
• 7.8 of men preferred a non-circumcised life
  partner

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Personal Implications of Refusal of FGM

• Look at labia majora, clitoris and labia minora
  as male sexual organs
• View operation as ridding women of small penis
  and they are then a true woman

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Religious Implications of Refusal of FGM

• Majority believe that it is female responsibility
  to have it done to please their husband
• Tightening done so that sex is more pleasureable
  for men (wifely duty)
• Chastity

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Reasons for Supporting FGM in Egypt, Mali,
Central African Republic, and Eritrea
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Relevance in Countries Outside of Africa

• Certain groups support the continuation of this
  practice for their own economic purposes
• Illegal in
• Great Britain
• France
• Germany
• Sweden

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Relevance of FGM in the USA

• Immigration
• Sex in the media-
• Cosmetic Surgery (Dr. 90210)

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Criminalizing FGM in the USA
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What are we doing to protect women and children
from FGM?

• Somali Debate
• Swedish law

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What do men think and feel about this practice
being done to women?

• Some men enjoy the tightening from infibulation
• Others are disgusted by the thought of forcible
  sex
• Some men prefer to keep the tradition