The Long Peace

1
The Long Peace

• Late 19th Century Society

2
Late 19th Century Social Order

• IDENTIFICATIONS
• Second Industrial Revolution
• Marxism
• Reformism
• Evolutionary Socialism
• German Social Democratic Party

• OUTLINE
• Second Industrial Revolution
• Changes in Socialist Theory
• Working-Class Politicization
• Unionization in Europe
• Working-Class Political Parties

3
Triumph of the Middle Classes

• The late 19th century marked the triumph of the
  middle classes in Europe, particularly Western
  Europe
• No matter the nature of the political regime, the
  middle classes enjoyed considerable political,
  social, economic power by the end of the 19th
  century
• The middle classes no longer were a revolutionary
  class

4

• Defining the Middle Class
• Middle Class (American English) refers to the
  middle income group
• Bürgertum (German) referred to citizens of a town
  (Burg)
• Bourgeoisie (French) referred to those who owned
  the means of production (factories). Marxist
  definition
• Great variations among the middle classes
• Lower middle classes (Petite bourgeoisie)
• The middle classes political, social cultural
  power derived from their economic might
• The rise of the middle classes can be measured
  especially by the changing consumer culture at
  the end of the 19th century
• Middle classes became the arbiters of taste
• Birth of Department Stores

5

• Second French Empire (1851-1870)
• Nationalism and authoritarian rule
• Industrialization
• Alterations to the urban landscape
• Defeat by Germany (1870)

A street of old Paris
6
The Razing of old Paris (1860s)
7
Paris after Baron Hausmanns Reforms
8
Paris Sewers, ca. 1880
9

• France at Mid-Century cont.Revolution (1870-71)
• Announcement of the Third Republic (1870)
• Siege of Paris
• Paris Commune

Honoré Daumier, The Empire is at Peace (1870)
10
French Elections of 1870
Party Delegates
Orleanist 214
Legitimist 186
Republican 150
Independent 80
Bonapartist 15
11

• France at Mid-Century cont.
• Revolution (1870-71)
• Announcement of the Third Republic (1870)
• Siege of Paris
• Paris Commune

The Paris Commune (1871)
12
Second Industrial Revolution

• Key Changes
• Industrial output soared in Western Europe
• Industrialization spread to eastern southern
  Europe
• Germany overtook Britain as Europes leading
  economic power
• New Industries Oil, steel, chemicals, optics
• Significant technological advances
• Abundance of new product appeared on the market.
• Endemic economic crises in the last 3 decades of
  the 19th century
• Industrialization spurred on over-seas conquest,
  or imperialism
• Russia
• 1880s 1890s Russian government launched a
  massive industrialization drive.
• Industrialization in Russia happened very
  quickly, but it was very uneven.
• With the erection of large factories, workers
  were concentrated in urban centers, creating a
  new working class.

Eiffel Tower (1889) stood as a monument to Europe
technological innovation.
13
Changes in Socialist Theory

• Socialism was not a fixed term.
• Utopian Socialism
• Marxism
• Definition Theory that strives for a classless
  communist society through working-class
  revolution.
• In the years following the publication of the
  Communist Manifesto, socialists were hardly
  united behind Marx Engels' program.
• Late 19th early 20th century, most socialists
  focused on practical matters rather than on
  theory or revolution.
• Reformism, Revisionism, Evolutionary Socialism
• Wanted to achieve a classless socialist society.
• Adopted a more gradual approach
• Less radical Distanced themselves from
  revolutionary means
• Objectives Eight-hour work day, greater
  democracy, universal suffrage, higher wages,
  improvements in working conditions, municipal
  utility reform, universal public education
• Strategy Use the legislature to achieve goals.
• Historic roots of social democracy

14
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

• Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
  (1859)
• 1. More individuals of every species born than
  could survive
• 2. Within each species as well as between species
  there was a constant struggle for survival
• 3. There were differences or variations among
  members of the same species which made some
  better fitted to the environment and therefore
  better able to survive.
• 4. All this resulted in the survival of the
  fittest.
• Descent of Man (1871)
• Application to human development

15
Scientific Racism The Practice of Eugenics and
Phrenology

• Through science, Race becomes a natural category
  to differentiate types and ranks--placing the
  white Anglo-Saxon male at the pinnacle of
  intellectual moral and physical development.
• Use of New Sciences and Empiricism to justify
  these categorizations
• Anthropology the study of human beings
• Eugenics study of human improvement through
  genetic means
• (first coined 1883)
• Phrenology study of the physical features of the
  skull as an indication of mental faculties and
  character traits
• First developed late 18th and early 19th century
  by Franz-Joseph Gall
• Applications for justifying control of
  undesirables
• Criminals, Prostitutes, Mentally-Ill, Natives,
  Other

16
Transformation of Socialism

• Second wave of Industrialization
• Great Depression (1873-1895)
• Growth of Trade Unions
• Popular Democracy and Mass Politics
• Universal Manhood Suffrage
• France 1871
• Germany 1871
• Britain 1884
• Socialism as a Political Platform
• 1875 German Socialist Workers Party (to become
  SPD)
• 1889 Socialist International or Second
  International
• 1891 German Socialist Democratic Party (SPD)
  meets in Erfurt Erfurt Program
• Revolutionary vs. Evolutionary Socialism
• Eduard Bernstein(1850-1932) and Evolutionary
  Socialism (1899)

17
Transformation of Socialism

• Second wave of Industrialization
• Great Depression (1873-1895)
• Growth of Trade Unions
• Popular Democracy and Mass Politics
• Universal Manhood Suffrage
• FRANCE GERMANY 1871 BRITAIN 1884
• Socialism as a Political Platform
• 1875 German Socialist Workers Party (to become
  SPD)
• 1889 Socialist International or Second
  International
• 1891 German Socialist Democratic Party (SPD)
• Revolutionary vs. Evolutionary Socialism
• Eduard Bernstein, Evolutionary Socialism (1899)
• Germany SPD 35 of vote in 1912 and largest
  single party by 1912
• France French socialists make up 20 of the
  Chamber of Deputies by 1912

Eduard Bernstein
18
The Challenge of Political Feminism

• 1869 John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor On
  the Subjection of Women
• 1882 Married Womens Property Act (Britain)
• 1894 Union of German Womens Organization
• 1901 National Council of French Women
• 1903 British Womens Social Political Union
• Founded by Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters
• 1907 Norway extends national vote to women
• 1910 Radicalization of British feminism
• Not until after WW I that women in Western
  societies begin to gain the vote

Women's Suffrage Bill (28th March, 1912)
British Parliament
19
For Emmeline Pankhurst, militancy was "the
argument of the broken pane." We have brought
the government of England to this position, that
it has to face this alternative either women are
to be killed or women are to have the vote.
Emily Davison at 1913 Derby Day in Kings Park
20
The Catholic Conflict with Liberals and
Nationalists Pius IX and the First Vatican
Council (1870) The revival of popular
Catholicism The German Kulturkampf (cultural
struggle) (1872-1878) The growth of the German
Catholic Center Party Rerum Novarum (1891) Papal
encyclical of Leo XIII addresses workers rights
French Anti-Catholic Journal
21
The Catholic Church in the late 19th century

• Pope Pius IX (1846-1878)
• 1848 Captured by Italian Revolutionaries
• 1854 Doctrine of the Immaculate Conception
• 1864 Syllabus of Errors

22
The Catholic Church in the late 19th century

• The Choice of the Church in the late 19th century
• Pope Pius IX (1846-1878)
• 1848 Captured by Italian Revolutionaries
• 1854 Doctrine of the Immaculate Conception
• 1864 Syllabus of Errors
• 1870-1871 First Vatican Council
• 1871 Doctrine of Papal Infallibility
• Encouragement of Personal Piety and Mysticism
• Lourdes in France in 1858
• Marpingen in the mid-1870s

23
The Catholic Church in the late 19th century

• Pope Pius IX (1846-1878)
• 1848 Captured by Italian Revolutionaries
• 1854 Doctrine of the Immaculate Conception
• 1864 Syllabus of Errors
• 1870-1871 First Vatican Council
• 1871 Doctrine of Papal Infallibility

• Rejection of Modernity and the ensuing
  kulturkampf
• Social Responsibility
• 1891 Pope Leo XIII (1864-1903) Rerum Novarum

24
Encouragement of Personal Piety and Mysticism
Appearances of the Virgin Mary at Marpingen in
the mid-1870s
Immaculata Chapel on the outskirts of Marpingen
(near Luxembourg)
25
The New Mangerial Class of the Second Industrial
Revolution
26

• Late 19th century middle class society and
  culture
• White collar workers
• The professions
• Leisure and sports
• Department stores and consumer culture
• Free and compulsory schooling

Female white collar jobs Typists and phone workers
27

• Late 19th century middle class society and
  culture
• White collar workers
• The professions
• Leisure and sports
• Department stores and consumer culture
• Free and compulsory schooling

A Womens Bicycle Race, ca. 1890
28
Le Bon Marché A Department Store in Paris ca.
1880
29
Le Bon Marché Paris, France
30
Éduoard Manet, A Bar at the Foilies-Bergère (1882)
31
George Seurat, A Sunday on La Grande-Jatte (1884)
32

• Challenges to Rationalism and Liberalism
• Catholic reactions
• Darwinism
• Freud and Psychoanalysis
• Friedrich Nietzsche
• Modern Art

Cartoon ridiculing Charles Darwin (1860)
33

• Challenges to Rationalism and Liberalism
• Catholic reactions
• Darwinism
• Freud and Psychoanalysis
• Friedrich Nietzsche
• Modern Art

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
34

• Challenges to Rationalism and Liberalism
• Catholic reactions
• Darwinism
• Freud and Psychoanalysis
• Friedrich Nietzsche
• Modern Art Expressionism and Cubism

Friedrich Nietzsche(1844-1900)
35

• Socialism and Anti-Socialism in Germany
• Anti-Socialist Laws (1878-1890)
• Socialist worker culture
• Bismarcks social legislation 1884, 1889.
• Eduard Bernstein Evolutionary Socialism
• Growth of the public sphere and right wing
  extra-parliamentary pressure groups (1890-)
• New conservatism Against the status quo.

36
British Cartoon of Anti-Socialist Laws (1878)
37
Dreyfus Affair (1894-1906)

• 1894 A French army captain, Captain Alfred
  Dreyfus, was convicted of treason for having sold
  military secrets to Germany.
• Once it was revealed that the army had forged the
  evidence, a new trial was held, but again Dreyfus
  was again found guilty.

38
Dreyfus Affair Splits France

• The controversy over whether Dreyfus was guilty
  or innocent divided all social classes.
• The reputation of the army was seen as more
  important than justice for one man.

39
Dreyfus Affair Splits France

• Liberals took up Dreyfus case, eg. Èmile Zola
• The Dreyfus Affair proved that a new kind of
  nationalism a racist nationalism had been
  born in the birthplace of the Enlightenment

It was only in 1906 that Dreyfus was exonerated
by a presidential pardon.