Modern Amphibians = Lissamphibia

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Modern Amphibians Lissamphibia
Apoda (caecilians)
Urodela (Caudata) (salamanders and newts)
Anura (frogs and toads)
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Shared derived traits of Lissamphibia Table 10-1
Pedicellate teeth
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Operculum-columella complex Transferring air
waves into fluid waves and ground vibration into
sound.
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Levator bulbi muscle
Closed Eye
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Thin skin with mucus and poison
glands Implications for physiology and ecology
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Breathing via the skin
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Water through the skin a boon and a bane
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The skin as a storehouse for toxins Chapter
10.5 And warning and cryptic pigments
Aposematic coloration
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Apoda (Gymnophiona) Caecilians
Reduced eyes, sensory tentacles, dermal folds
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Apoda Reproduction Internal fertilzation with
phallodeum
Cloaca
Oviparous (egg guarding) or viviparous
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Adult teeth
Baby teeth grappling
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Urodele Caudata Distribution Holarctic
Terrestrial
Aquatic
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Hedonic (scent) glands
Reproduction Visual displays and olfaction
Sexual dimorphism
Nasolabial groove
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Egg mass
Fertilization external (few) or internal (most)
Spermatophore
Fire salamander - viviparous
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Anura most diverse, most widespread Highly
derived body form
Urostyle
Illia
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Anura Reproduction dominated by vocalization
Expense? See text Functions of reproductive
calls? Explosive versus prolonged breeding?
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Tungara frogs
Whine
Chuck
Males alone whine only Males with males
Whine- chuck Females prefer whine- chuck
call Explain the pattern
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External fertilization via amplexus
Male
Female
Function of sexual dimorphism?
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Biphasic Lifestyle Advantages? Disadvantages?
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Amphibian Conservation Issues Cane Toads (Bufo
marinus) Introduced into Australia
Conservation concerns?
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Bullfrog (Rana catesbiana) introductions
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Major Conservation Concern Amphibian
Declines 2006 report
1,856 species, 32.5 percent of the known species
of amphibians, are globally threatened,
(vulnerable, endangered or critically
endangered). By comparison, 12 percent of bird
species and 23 percent of mammal species are
threatened. 435 amphibian species are in rapid
decline, at least 9 species have gone extinct
since 1980 and another 113 species have not been
reported from the wild in recent years and are
considered to be possibly extinct. Causes?
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Amphibian characteristics that increase
susceptibility to environmental changes??
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Habitat Loss
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Over-exploitation as Food Pets - Goliath
frog
6 million into Hong Kong/yr
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Introduced Species 99 of lakes in Sierra
Nevada originally without trout. Rana mucosa
(native frog) declining in part due to trout
predation
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Amphibian egg survival and ultraviolet light at
high elevations
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Hyla
Rana
Bufo
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Increased ultraviolet radiation due to reduced
ozone
Worldwide studies of UV on amphibians Red
negative effect of UV
UV protected
No UV protection
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Pollutants Nitrogen, pesticides, acidification,
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Deformities
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Trematodes parasites cause abnormalities
Eggs
Meracidium
Cysts
Cercaria
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Chytrid Fungus
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Global Climate Change? Direct Lorens paper
Interaction with disease susceptibility to
toxins susceptibility to parasites Species
Introduction?