THE RESTORATION

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THE RESTORATION

• AN AGE OF REASON

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Augustan and Neoclassical

• There are many similarities between this period
  in England and ancient Rome and its literature.

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The Romans

• In ancient Rome, the emperor Octavius 63BC 14AD
• Changed his name to Augustus which means the
  magnificent, grand, and exalted one.
• He restored peace and order after Julius Caesars
  death.
• The Romans hailed Augustus as the second founder
  of Rome.

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The Stuarts

• The Stuart monarchs also restored peace and order
  after the civil wars that led up to and followed
  the execution of King Charles I in 1649.
• The English eventually brought back the son of
  Charles I and crowned him Charles II.
• As a warning to future revolutionaries, they dug
  up the body of Oliver Cromwell, retried him for
  treason, and cut off his head.

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Literary Similarities

• There was a new focus on Latin classics.
• The classics represented what was permanent and
  universal in the human experience.
• A new term was coined Neoclassical which means
  new classical.

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Reason and Enlightenment

• This age was characterized by rationalism the
  act of accepting reason as the supreme authority
  in matters of opinion, belief, or conduct.

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• In the past, people asked
• Why did this happen?
• What did we do?
• How can we prevent it from happening again?

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• They looked for signs or omens to predict the
  future.

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• With these new ideas of rationalism and reasoning
  and the application of logic, people began
  asking
• How did this happen?
• Can we duplicate this reaction?
• Can we create this reaction?
• And most importantly,
• Can we control this reaction?

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Men began computing celestial events

• Eclipses
• Edmund Haley 1656-1742
• Predicted an eclipse for May 2, 1721
• Comets
• Haley computed the appearance of a comet
• 1758, 1834, 1910, 1986, _______ .
• The comet appears in 76 year intervals.

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• In 1662, King Charles II commissioned the Royal
  Society of London for the Improving of Natural
  Knowledge.
• They advocated the use of precise writing.
• They required the use of Scientific Method.

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Disasters of London

• 1665 Bubonic Plague kills 70,000.

• 1666 London fires leave 2/3 of the population
  homeless.

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Changes in Religion

• With the new scientific explanations, religious
  perspectives began to change.
• A new theory appeared
• God created the Earth, but then stood back and
  let it run.
• Deism God does not interfere in day to day
  affairs.
• Whatever is right, is right
• All is for the best in the best of all possible
  worlds

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Religion and Politics

• Religion greatly impacted the politics of the
  day.
• Charles II restored the Church of England
• He outlawed all of the various and independent
  sects, which resulted in the widespread
  persecution of some religious groups (Quakers,
  Puritans).

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The Bloodless Revolution

• Charles II had no legitimate heir at the time of
  his death in 1685.
• He is succeeded by his brother James II

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• James II
• Roman Catholic
• Opposed by the English people
• They believed that the Catholics were responsible
  for the London fires
• Catholics were thought to be plotting to hand the
  country over to the Pope.
• James II fled to France in 1688.
• This was know as the Bloodless or Glorious
  Revolution.

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• James II is succeeded by his protestant daughter.
• Mary ruled England, with her husband William of
  Orange.
• Childless
• Signed the Bill of Rights which limited the power
  of the crown and reaffirmed the supremacy of
  Parliament.

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• Mary is succeeded by her sister Anne
• Anne rules successfully
• Childless
• Establishes the two political party system.
• Tories favored Royal power and opposed change.
  They also supported the Church of England
• Whigs favored reforms, progress, and Parliament.
  They supported religious freedom.

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• Anne is succeeded by her cousin, a German, George
  I.
• Following the reign of George I, his son George
  II became king.
• George II was the king at the time of the
  American Revolution.

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Writers of the Age

• Jonathan Swift and Samuel Johnson
• Members of the upper class
• Did not support the class system

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• John Dryden and Alexander Pope
• Members of the upper class
• Supported the class system

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• John Bunyan and Daniel Defoe
• Members of the lower class
• Dissenters

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Entertainment of the Day

• Theater was revived and for the first time, women
  were allowed to become actresses (although most
  were ostracized for doing so)
• With woman in roles as actresses, a new focus on
  sexual relationships was explored.
• Comedies reflected the lives of the rich and
  leisured

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• There was a vast number of prose and verse
  writers
• The Dissenters wrote for these ordinary or
  working class people.
• Augustan qualities were held in esteem
• Cleverness
• Urbanity
• worldliness

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Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift

• Although they were on opposite sides of the class
  issue, they both wrote for the educated and
  leisure classes.
• They attacked these classes for their immorality
  and bad taste.
• They loved order, discipline, and craftsmanship.
• They were appalled by squalor and shoddiness in
  art, manners, and morals.
• They discussed corruption, commercialism, and
  materialism.
• They held to aristocratic values

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Daniel Defoe

• Stood for middle class values such as
• Thrift, prudence, industry, and respectability.
• Defoe had no interest in polished manners and
  social poise.
• He followed a new profession journalism
• Followers of Defoe saw themselves as reporters
  and reformers.

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Samuel Johnson

• Showed a great command of the language
• Strong relationships
• Conservative/traditional values
• Combated
• Belief in progress
• People are naturally good
• Created the first English dictionary

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Novels

• The novel form began with either Daniel Defoe or
  Henry Fielding
• Daniel Defoe was best known for his novel
  Robinson Crusoe an adventure story which
  started an entire genre.

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Henry Fielding

• Joseph Andrews an adventure story of life among
  the lower classes
• Tom Jones a story of a man who manages to rise
  up the class system and then falls, only to rise
  again. The main character is a con man and a
  master manipulator.

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Samuel Richardson

• Pamela a bawdy, racy story of a servant girl
  who has great adventures. Rated R Considered by
  many to be the first romance novel.
• Clarissa very similar to Pamela.

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Laurence Stern

• Tristram Shandy considered the first stream of
  consciousness novel. A comedic work.
• Sentimental Journey a story of one mans
  adventures as he travels through France and Italy.

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Augustan Poetry

• Composed in the mind, not in the heart.
• Wrote elegies (positive poem about dead person)
• Satire says the worst things about a person
  (held to public ridicule)
• Epic extended story in poetic form
• Ode ambitious/pompous expressing a public
  opinion
• Nothing natural.

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