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Industrialisation and Urbanisation

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Title: Industrialisation and Urbanisation


1
Industrialisation and Urbanisation
  • History of Germany
  • Lecture 3

2
Schedule
  • The Industrial Revolution
  • Population Growth and Migration
  • The Emergence of Classes
  • Cultural Change
  • Social Costs
  • Conclusion

3
Industrial Revolution
  • Late 18th, early 19th c. Started in Britain,
    spread then over the whole European continent.
  • Industry replaces agrarian sector as most
    important economic sector
  • Economy based on manual labour was replaced by
    industry, industrial manufacturing and machinery.
    It began with the mechanisation of the textile
    industries and the development of iron-making
    techniques.
  • Improvement of transportation (canals, roads,
    railways)
  • Steam power fuelled primarily by coal and
    powered machinery
  • Dramatic increase in production capacity and
    productivity
  • Fundamental socio-economic and cultural changes

4
Second Industrial Revolution
  • Since middle of the 19th c.
  • Development of chemical, electrical, petroleum
    and steel industries
  • Mass production of consumer goods
  • Mechanisation of manufacture of food and drink,
    clothing and transport
  • Employment for increasing number of population
    whose needs were satisfied by mass production

5
Spread of the Industrial Revolution
6
Paths to industrialisation
  • The British model of coal iron-fired
    industrialisation (Germany had many of the same
    raw materials as GB)
  • Late-comer industrialisers benefit from
    technology transfer
  • Role of foreign investors in early
    industrialisation (Irish capital in Hibernia
    mines in 1855)
  • Role of state in German investment (Prussian
    government interest in railways, coal mines)
  • Role of big investment banks (often represented
    on board of companies)

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(1913 100) Metal Coal Transport Building Textile
1870 7,5 13,9 8,9 20,1 31,9
1880 13,9 24,7 16,1 29 40,1
1890 23,8 36,9 27,9 45,6 65
1900 47,5 57,5 50,1 67 72,8
1913 100 100 100 100 100
Hans-Ulrich Wehler, Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschic
hte, vol. 3 (Munich, 1995
9
Data from Paul Bairoch, "International
Industrialization Levels from 1750 to 1980" JEEH
11
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New Technologies in Industrial Production in
Germany 1870-1900
Heavy industry English blast furnace
technology Coal from Silesia and the Ruhr Ores
from Lorraine Bessemer process 1879 Stainless
steel 1912
Mechanical engineering Locomotives Internal
combustion engine 1876 Cars 1889 Diesel engines
1896 Zeppelins (airships) 1900 Airplanes 1905
Electrical Industry Dynamos (Siemens) Electrical
engines Telephones Power stations Films X-ray
units
Chemical Industry Artificial fertilizers Dyes Plas
tics 1885 Pharmaceuticals Safety explosives 1885
12
Famous companies/industrialists
  • Stumm
  • Krupp
  • Thyssen
  • Bosch
  • Siemens
  • Daimler
  • Benz
  • AEG - Rathenau
  • Bayer
  • BASF

13
Electrical industry - Siemens
  • Siemens pointer telegraph, 1847

Electrical dynamo, 1866
14
Steel Krupp, Essen
  • Pioneering of seamless railway wheels
  • Alfred Krupp, 1812-87, the Cannon King
  • Develops Bessemer process for purifying steel
  • Close contacts with arms industry
  • Krupp steelworks, Essen, stages of growth 1819,
    1852, 1912

15
Krupp munitions
  • Krupps cast-steel cannon at the 1851 Exhibition
    in London
  • Krupps 42cm Dicke Bertha siege gun (used to
    reduce Liege in 1914 and shell Paris)

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Some consequences of the Industrial Revolution
  • Population effects productivity increases,
    health improvements, lower birth rates
  • Urbanisation industry as city forming
    activity
  • Class society
  • Environmental damage
  • Growth of global markets international trade

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Some Peculiarities
  • Important role of state investment (coal mining
    in Saarland belonged to Prussian state)
  • Important role of finance capital (long-term
    investments, directors of banks in supervisory
    boards of shareholder companies)
  • Important role of industrial associations
    (lobbyism)
  • Important role of cartels

20
Associations, lobbyism and trade unions
Centralverband Deutscher Industrieller 1876
(Central Union of German Industrialists) Bund der
Industriellen 1895 (Union of Industrialists) Hansa
bund 1909 Vereinigung der deutschen
Arbeitgeberverbände 1913 (Union of German
Employers Associations)
Free Socialist Generalkommission general
commission Christian Gesamtverband yellow
liberal
Organising the working class, representing
interests of workers, indirect successes state
intervention and welfare state Channelling
dissatisfaction?
Exert pressure on the government and Reichstag
deputies Successes Tariffs 1878/79
21
Cartels
  • Cartels created in times of crisis (1873 ff), 70
    in 1887, 143 in 1895
  • Agreements between companies to fix prices,
    regulate output
  • Legally binding (in USA cartels were forbidden)
  • But
  • So successful and useful, that even more cartels
    were founded after 1896, 673 by 1910
  • Not all sectors dominated by cartels potash
    industry (100), paper industry (90), coal
    (82), iron and cement industries (less than
    50), electrical industry (less than 10), almost
    no cartels in chemical industry

22
Schedule
  • The industrial revolution
  • Population Growth and Migration
  • The Emergence of Classes
  • Cultural Change
  • Social Costs
  • Conclusion

23
Demographic Revolution
  • Inhabitants of German Empire 1864 39,392,000
    1871 40,997,000 1910 64,568,000
  • Growth of urban population
  • More big cities
  • Urbanisation of daily life
  • Migration and uprooting
  • Relative decline of agrarian population
  • Emigration and immigration
  • Improvement of health care decline of infant
    mortality (since 1900) and higher life expectancy

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28
Schedule
  • The industrial revolution
  • Population Growth and Migration
  • The Emergence of Classes
  • Cultural Change
  • Social Costs
  • Conclusion

29
Class
  • In Marxist terms a class is a group of people
    defined by their relationship to the means of
    production.
  • Social class is based on economically determined
    relationship to the market (owner, renter,
    employee etc.) Max Weber
  • Similar life chances
  • Common interests
  • Subjective factor Identification with class

30
Social Consequences of the Industrial Revolution
  • Creation of an industrial working class
  • Rise of organised labor
  • Growth of bourgeoisie (merchants, entrepreneurs)
    economically dominant
  • Craftsmen (old Mittelstand - middle class) become
    less important
  • Civil servants and white collar workers (new
    Mittelstand - middle class)

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33
Der Sozialist, Robert Koehler, 1885, DHM, Berlin
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35

                                                                                                                            
Villa Hügel in Essen (Krupp family)
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37
Schedule
  • The industrial revolution
  • Population Growth and Migration
  • The Emergence of Classes
  • Cultural Change
  • Social Costs
  • Conclusion

38
First threshing-machine in Lankow near Schwerin
in 1882Carl Wilhelm Christian Malchin, 1882,
DHM, Berlin
39
Großstadt (Berlin), Hugo Krayn, 1914, DHM, Berlin
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42
Das Stufenalter der Frau, F. Leibner, um 1900
43
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44
Schedule
  • The industrial revolution
  • Population Growth and Migration
  • The Emergence of Classes
  • Cultural Change
  • Social Costs
  • Conclusion

45
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48
Modell einer Berliner Mietskaserne, Berlin, um
1880, DHM, Berlin
49
Elendsquartier in der Berliner Spreestr. 6,
Berlin, about 1910 (DHM, Berlin)
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51
Schedule
  • The industrial revolution
  • Population Growth and Migration
  • The Emergence of Classes
  • Cultural Change
  • Social Costs
  • Conclusion

52
  • Effects of Great Depression 1873-1896
  • Peculiarities of German economy role of state,
    cartels, finance capital, corporations
  • Relative financial weakness needs of state
    (armament), less productive agrarian sector
    (Junkers), compared to Britain industrial late
    comer less accumulation of capital (financial
    capital of world London)
  • Workers improved living standards
    pauperisation
  • Bourgeoisie weak or strong? class conscious or
    aiming to adopt culture of nobility
  • Alliance of rye and iron (East Elbian Junkers and
    industrialists of Ruhr district) dominant
    responsible for German special path?
  • How important were economic questions for
    outbreak of WWI?
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