Tampa FAASTeam

1
Tampa FAASTeam

• Welcome
• Tonights Presentation
• Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
• Similarities and Differences
• Select Number NR0126694

2
Tampa FAASTeam

• Welcome
• Tonights Team
• Tom Evans
• David Keyser
• Dennis Whitley
• Karen Dunbar

3
Tampa FAASTeam

• Can Everyone See Me Okay?
• Can Everyone Hear Me Okay?
• Can everyone See The Screen Okay?
• Does Everyone Know Where The Exits Are
• Does Everyone Know Where the Facilities are?

4
Tampa FAASTeam

• Please make sure that you have signed in so that
  we can validate your attendance tonight !!!

5
Tampa FAASTeam

• Please make sure that you have signed in so that
  we can validate your attendance tonight !!!
• Please register on www.FAASafety.gov

6
Tampa FAASTeam

• Please make sure that you have signed in so that
  we can validate your attendance tonight !!!
• Please register on www.FAASafety.gov
• Please sign up for events

7
(No Transcript)
8
(No Transcript)
9
(No Transcript)
10
(No Transcript)
11
Tampa FAASTeam

• January Runway Safety
• February       AOPA, GPS From The Ground Up
• March           Airspace-Navigating The DC
  Airspace
• April             Tampa Tower and Tampa Airspace
• May              Flight Service, Weather and More
• June             Flight Safety, A Viewpoint From
  The Pros
• July              Light Sport Aircraft,
  RR           
• August          Multi Vs. Single Engine Safety
• September Root Cause of Accidents- Human Factors
  of Flying
• October Runway Incursions Runway Safety
• November Simulation An Economical Way To Stay
  Current
• December      AOPA, What Went Wrong

12
Tampa FAASTeam

• Notes
• Peter O. Knight (KTPF) Runway Construction
• TFR-Orlando / Disney 3 NM / 3000 and Below
• October.. 20 thru 22 - NBAA OrlandoHigh Traffic
• November..5 thru 7 - AOPA Summit High traffic

13
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Similarities and Differences Select Number
  NR0126694

14
Tampa FAASTeam

• If you have boarded this flight in error, please
  see the flight attendant ASAP before we push back
  from the gate !

15
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Similarities and Differences
• Similarities

16
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Similarities and Differences
• Similarities
• Differences

17
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Similarities and Differences
• Similarities
• Differences
• Simplicity

18
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Similarities and Differences
• Similarities
• Differences
• Simplicity
• Complexity

19
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Similarities and Differences
• Similarities
• Differences
• Simplicity
• Complexity
• Aerodynamics

20
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Similarities and Differences
• Similarities
• Differences
• Simplicity
• Complexity
• Aerodynamics
• Safety

21
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Personal Safety Standards

22
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Personal Safety Standards
• You Never Ever Want To See This

23

24

25

26
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Similarities and Differences

27
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Similarities and Differences
• Cessna 421.
• The Pilot, 80 years of age, was in good health,
  had no aviation violations and had been a pilot
  since 1985, with 23,000 hours of flight
  experience.

28
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Similarities and Differences
• Cessna 210N
• The pilot held an Airline Transport Pilot
  Certificate, with airplane single and
  multi-engine land and instrument ratings. In
  addition, he held a Flight Instructor Certificate
  with single engine and instrument airplane
  ratings.

29
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Similarities and Differences
• King Air B200
• A fixed-wing single-engine-rated private pilot
  and passenger, safely landed King Air B200

30
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Similarities and Differences

31
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Similarities and Differences
• Are multi-engine airplanes really safer?

32
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Similarities and Differences
• Are multi-engine airplanes really safer?
• Are single-engine airplanes really safer?

33
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Similarities and Differences
• Why require an additional rating to fly
  multi-engine airplanes?

34
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Similarities and Differences
• Why require an additional rating to fly
  multi-engine airplanes?
• Why require an additional rating to fly
  single-engine airplanes?

35
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Similarities and Differences
• Per flying hour a Twin Engine Airplane compared
  to a Single is
• 2 times more likely to develop problems in ANY of
  its engines
• 4 times less likely to develop problems in TWO of
  its engines.

36
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Similarities and Differences
• Approaches

37
(No Transcript)
38
(No Transcript)
39
(No Transcript)
40
(No Transcript)
41
(No Transcript)
42
(No Transcript)
43
(No Transcript)
44
(No Transcript)
45
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Myths

46
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Myths
• Multi Engine Airplanes are more complex

47
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Myths
• If an engine fails in a twin, the remaining
  engine will only carry you to the scene of the
  accident quicker.

48
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Myths
• If an engine fails in a twin, shut down the
  remaining engine and crash land. Better to land
  right side up, than otherwise.

49
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Myths
• Bob just got his Private Pilot License

50
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Myths
• Bob just got his Private Pilot License
• Bob just bought a new Bonanza

51
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Myths
• Bob just got his Private Pilot License
• Bob just bought a new Bonanza
• Bob just bought a Baron

52
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Myths
• Bob just got his Private Pilot License
• Bob just bought a new Bonanza
• Bob just bought a Baron
• Bob is going to kill himself in that thing!

53
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Facts
• What Makes us safer ???

54
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Facts
• What Makes us safer ???
• Training

55
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Facts
• What Makes us safer ???
• Training
• Continuing Education / Re-currency

56
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Facts
• What Makes us safer ???
• Training
• Continuing Education / Re-currency
• Additional Rating / Upgrade

57
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Facts
• What Makes us safer ???
• Training
• Continuing Education / Re-currency
• Additional Rating / Upgrade
• Practice

58
(No Transcript)
59
(No Transcript)
60
(No Transcript)
61
(No Transcript)
62
(No Transcript)
63
(No Transcript)
64
(No Transcript)
65
(No Transcript)
66
(No Transcript)
67
(No Transcript)
68
(No Transcript)
69
FAR Part 61.31 (e)

• A Complex Aircraft is one which has manually or
  automatically controllable pitch propeller,
  flaps, and retractable landing gear. 
• Note that these aircraft do not have to be over
  200 HP.
• To be legal to fly a Complex Aircraft" under
  61.31, you need a sign off by a flight
  instructor. 

70
FAR Part 61.31 (f)

• A High Performance Aircraft is one which has
  engine of more than 200 horsepower. 
• Note that these aircraft do not have to have
  retractable gear.
• To be legal to fly a High Performance Aircraft"
  under 61.31, you need a sign off by a flight
  instructor.

71
FAR Part 61.31 (g)

• A Pressurized Aircraft capable of operating at
  high altitudes. (certificated above 25,000)
• Note that these aircraft do not have to have
  retractable gear or more than 200 HP.
• To be legal to fly a High Altitude Aircraft"
  under 61.31, you need a sign off by a flight
  instructor.

72
FAR Part 61.31 (a)

• A person who acts as a pilot in command of any of
  the following aircraft must hold a type rating
  for that aircraft
• (1) Large aircraft (except lighter-than-air).
• (2) Turbojet-powered airplanes.
• (3) Other aircraft specified by the Administrator
  through aircraft type certificate procedures.

73
FAR Part 61

• Sec 61.103 - Eligibility
• Sec 61.105 - Aeronautical Knowledge
• Sec 61.107 - Flight Proficiency
• Sec 61.109 - Aeronautical Experience

74
FAR Part 61

• Pilots may take their original private pilot or
  other practical tests in a multi-engine airplane,
  in which case they will be subject to additional
  experience requirements.
• A pilot certificate obtained in such a manner
  will not include single engine piloting
  privileges (ability to deal with a total power
  loss is not demonstrated during multi engine
  certification).

75
FAR Part 61

• To add a multi engine rating to a private,
  commercial, ATP, or CFI certificate, the FAA
  requires an instructor endorsement and a
  practical test. A Knowledge test (written) is not
  required. The practical test includes a detailed
  oral test.

76
FAR Part 61

• To add a single engine rating to a private,
  commercial, ATP, or CFI certificate, the FAA
  requires an instructor endorsement and a
  practical test. A Knowledge test (written) is not
  required. The practical test includes a detailed
  oral test.

77
FAR Part 61.109 (a)

• (a) For an airplane single-engine rating. Except
  as provided in paragraph (i) of this section, a
  person who applies for a private pilot
  certificate with an airplane category and
  single-engine class rating must log at least
• 40 hours of flight time that includes at least 20
  hours of flight training from an authorized
  instructor and 10 hours of solo flight training
  in the areas of operation listed in 61.107 (b)

78
FAR Part 61.109 (b)

• (b) For an airplane multi-engine rating. Except
  as provided in paragraph (i) of this section, a
  person who applies for a private pilot
  certificate with an airplane category and multi
  engine class rating must log at least
• 40 hours of flight time that includes at least 20
  hours of flight training from an authorized
  instructor and 10 hours of solo flight training
  in the areas of operation listed in 61.107 (b)
  (2)

79
(No Transcript)
80
Beech Baron Take Off Distance
81
Beech Baron Accelerate To
Stop Distance
82
Accelerate To Stop Distance

• First Response
• 3273 and a half feet Sir

83
Accelerate To Stop Distance

• Best Response
• 3273 and a half feet Sir
• But thats with a new airplane and a test pilot
• And, if I start stopping exactly when the engine
  fails.
• Besides, it pretty hot today, and my brakes,
  tires, and brain are old.
• We better look at the chart and add a little
  distance to the 3273 and a half feet!

84
Accelerate To Stop Distance

• Accelerate-Stop Distance is the runway
  required to accelerate to either Vr or Vlof (as
  specified by the manufacturer) and, assuming an
  engine failure at that instant, to bring the
  airplane to a complete stop.

85
Accelerate To Go Distance

• Accelerate-Go Distance is the runway required
  to accelerate to either Vr or Vlof (as specified
  by the manufacturer) and, assuming an engine
  failure at that instant, to continue the takeoff
  on the remaining engine and climb to a height of
  50 feet.

86
(No Transcript)
87
Cessna 172 Take Off Distance
88
Cessna 172 Take Off Distance

• First Response

89
Cessna 172 Take Off Distance

• First Response
• 1125 Feet Sir

90
Cessna 172 Take Off Distance

• Best Response
• 1125 Feet Sir
• However, thats at Standard temperature with a
  new airplane and a test pilot
• Lets look at the AFM and see what it is today
  for my airplane
• A worst case would be at 5000 ft DA and a
  temperature of 97 degrees

91
Cessna 172 Accelerate To Stop
Distance

92
Multi Engine Climb Performance

• The loss of an engine in a multi engine airplane
  can result in more than 50 of its climb
  capability.

93
Multi Engine Climb Performance

• The loss of an engine in a multi engine airplane
  can result in loss of more than 50 of its climb
  capability.
• Matter of fact, the loss can be 80 or greater!

94
Multi Engine Climb Performance

• When one engine on a twin fails, you typically
  lose 80 to 90 of your excess thrust.
• Which means that if you were climbing at 1200 fpm
  with both engines, if you configure and fly the
  aircraft perfectly after an engine failure, you
  will likely see around 200 fpm, which is pretty
  bad. !

95
Multi Engine Climb Performance

• Aircraft ME roc SE roc Loss
• Seminole 1,340 212 82.78
• Navajo 1,390 230 83.45
• Aztec 1,490 240 83.89
• Cessna 310 1,495 327 78.13
• Beech Baron 1,694 382 80.70
• Cessna 421 1,850 305 83.51
• Cheyenne ll 1,750 470 73.15
• King Air 200 2,460 740 70.00
• Citation CJ1 3,290 906 72.50

96
Cessna 421

• Aircraft ME roc SE roc Loss
• Cessna 421 1,850 305 83.51
• Empty Weight 4700
• 75 Gallons 450 75 gal (Max 262 gal)
• Pilot 200
• TO Weight 5350
• GTOW 6480
• Under 1130

97
Cessna 421

• Flight experience of 23,000 hours.
• 5,000 hours of flight experience in the accident
  airplane,

98
Cessna 421

• Flight experience of 23,000 hours.
• 5,000 hours of flight experience in the accident
  airplane,
• Witnesses reported pilot ran the engines to full
  power for about 20 minutes prior to departure.
• The pilot appeared to be troubleshooting an
  engine issue.

99
Cessna 421

• Witnesses near the accident site observed the
  airplane in a shallow climb from runway 8, flying
  low, with the right engine on fire. Some of the
  witnesses reported that the flames were yellow in
  color and no smoke was observed. The airplane
  then banked right and descended into a
  residential area.

100
(No Transcript)
101
(No Transcript)
102
Torque

103
Torque

104
P - Factor
105
P - Factor
106
P Factor Overhead View

107
Critical Engine

108
Critical Engine

109
Critical Engine

110
No Critical Engine

111
(No Transcript)
112
(No Transcript)
113
(No Transcript)
114
(No Transcript)
115
VMC Minimum Controllable Airspeed

• Calibrated Airspeed at which it is possible to
  control the aircraft when the critical engine
  becomes inoperative.

116
VMC Minimum Controllable Airspeed

• Max Gross Weight
• Most AFT CG
• Max Power on operating engine
• Less than 5 degrees of bank
• Flaps In take off position
• Gear up

117
(No Transcript)
118
(No Transcript)
119
(No Transcript)
120
(No Transcript)
121
(No Transcript)
122
(No Transcript)
123
(No Transcript)
124
VMC Considerations

• Performance
• Gear Up
• Flaps Up
• Aft CG
• Altitude
• Stability
• Gear Down
• Flaps Down
• Fwd CG
• Altitude

125
V Speeds

• Vso Stall Speed (clean) (Green Arc)
• Vs1 Stall (Spec. Config) (White Arc)
• Vmc Min Control Speed (Red Line)
• Vne Max Speed (Red Line)
• Vx-Vxse Best Angle (Multi)
• Vy-Vyse Best Rate (Multi) (Blue Line)
• Vref Approach Speed (1.3 Vso)

126
V Speeds

• V1 Decision Speed (Red Line)
• VR Rotation Speed (gtV1 ltVx)
• V2 (Vyse) (Blue Line)
• Vfe Flap Operating Speed
• Vlo Gear Operating Speed
• Vref Approach Speed (1.3 Vso)

127
V Speeds (Call Outs)

• SEL MEL
• Airspeed Alive Both Both
• V1 gtVs or Vs1 Red Line
• VR gtVs ltVx gtRed Line ltV2
• Positive Rate Both Both
• Gear Up Vlo Vlo
• V2 Vy Vyse
• Flaps Up Vfe Vfe
• 1000 Ft Check List Check List

128
Engine Failure After Take Off

• Airspeed Maintain Vyse
• Mixtures Rich
• Props High RPM
• Throttles Full Power
• Flaps Retracted
• Gear Retracted
• Identify Which engine failed?
• Verify Close inop. engine throttle
• Feather Feather Inop engine prop

129
Engine Failure After Take Off

• Which Engine Failed?
• Which Engine has not Failed?

130
Engine Failure After Take Off

• Manifold Pressure
• RPM
• Oil Pressure
• Fuel Flow
• Warning Light

131
Engine Failure After Take Off

• Working Foot Working Engine
• Dead Foot Dead Engine
• Ball Moves towards Good Engine
• Ball Moves away from the Dead Engine
• Step on the Ball

132
Engine Failure After Take Off

• Failed Engine
• Ball is a good indicator

133
Engine Failure After Take Off

• Failing Engine
• Ball is not a good indicator
• Ball will be moving left and right

134
Engine Failure After Take Off

• IDENTIFY !!!
• VERIFY !!!
• FEATHER !!!

135
Engine Failure After Take Off

• DACH-6
• Airspeed 80 Knots
• Throttles MAX Power
• Flaps 10 degrees
• 1500 ft. Check List

136
Engine Failure After Take Off

• Citation
• Maintain Directional Control
• No action until 400 ft
• Memory Items only
• 1500 ft Checklist

137
Engine Failure After Take Off

• Single
• Speed Best Glide Speed
• Action Land

138
Cruise Flight
139
Cruise Flight

• Know Your Airplane
• Be familiar with
• Single Engine Service Ceiling
• Single Engine Absolute Ceiling

140
Cruise Flight

• The single engine service ceiling is the altitude
  at which twins can no longer climb at 50 feet per
  minute in smooth air, with one engine feathered,
  at maximum certificated takeoff weight.
• The single engine absolute ceiling is where the
  rate of climb is zero.

141
Cruise Flight

• VMC at altitude
• Lower VMC at higher altitude
• Lower VMC with lower power

142
Cruise Flight

• Fuel Considerations
• Fuel Needed
• Fuel Available
• Fuel Available under certain failures

143
Cruise Flight

• Piper Seminole
• Service Ceiling 15000 ft
• Service Ceiling SE 3800 ft
• Stall Speed 55 KIAS
• VMC 56 KIAS
• Yyse 88 KIAS

144
Approach and Landing
145
Approach and Landing
146
Approach and Landing

• Notify ATC or CTAF
• Plan for Instrument Approach
• Straight In Final Approach
• Go Around Early and High

147
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Bottom Line SEL / MEL

148
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Bottom Line SEL / MEL
• Know your airplane

149
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Bottom Line SEL / MEL
• Know your airplane
• Know your airplanes limitations

150
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Bottom Line SEL / MEL
• Know your airplane
• Know your airplanes limitations
• Know your limitations

151
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Bottom Line SEL / MEL
• Know your airplane
• Know your airplanes limitations
• Know your limitations
• Practice - Practice - Practice

152
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Proficiency
• Incompletely trained or rusty pilots can fly
  multi engine airplanes, but not safely. In normal
  operations they would be at least twice safer
  flying a single engine airplane.
• This is due to the higher probability of any of
  the engines failing in a multi and the
  consequences of not being prepared to handle
  those cases.

153
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight

• Proficiency
• Incompletely trained or rusty pilots can fly
  single engine airplanes, but not safely. In
  normal operations they would be at least twice
  safer flying a multi engine airplane.
• This is due to the higher probability of an
  engine failing in a single and the consequences
  of not being prepared to handle those cases.

154
Thank You

• Thank you for coming this evening
• Thank you for your participation
• FLY SAFELY !!!

155
Next Meeting

• 2nd Tuesday of The Month
• Tuesday September 8th 2009
• Round Table Forum
• Root Causes of Accidents
• Psychological factors of flying