E-mail: [e-mail]

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Improvement of education in the field of
environmental management
Prof. Vladislav Donchenko course ENVIRONMENTAL
POLICY

• E-mail donchenkovk_at_mail.ru
• St. Petersburg State University
• and
• St. Petersburg Research Centre for Ecological
  Safety of the Russian Academy of Sciences

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Course Outline

• Principles of environmental policy
• II. Instruments and methods of environmental
  policy
• III. Environmental policy for sectors, specific
  problems and issues

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I. Principles of environmental policy

• 1.1 Growth of environmental awareness, emergence
  and development of environmental policy from
  the Nuisance Act to Cancun
• 1.2 Environmental threats and challenges of the
  21st century
• 1.3 Environmental stakeholders, public
  participation, environmental justice, conflicts,
  access to environmental information
• 1.4 International environmental policy
  international organizations, multilateral
  environmental agreements (including their status
  and implementation), non-governmental players,
  environmental politics and diplomacy
• 1.5 Environmental governance, institutions of
  environmental governance, multilevel/polycentric
  governance, problems of scale and fit,
  environmental/resource regimes
• 1.6 Policy transition/innovation process
• 1.7 Environmental legislation, national
  obligations under multilateral environmental
  agreements and integration of the obligations
  into national legal systems, enforcement and
  regulatory mechanisms, access to justice
• 1.8 Environmental legislation, enforcement and
  regulatory practices in EU, USA, Canada,
  Japan, China, and CIS
• 1.9 International cooperation for environmental
  research and education

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Humans and the environment a historical
perspective

• Harmony
• Combating environmental threats struggle to
  survive
• Exploitation
• Exploitation and preservation
• Engineering and creating the environment
• Harmony?

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Concepts

• Human well-being, welfare, and development are
  notions that attempt to measure individuals
  satisfaction with life in different settings
• Human welfare depends on the services provided by
  ecosystems (MEA)
• Natural capital is the basis of ecosystem
  services
• Environmental security - uninterrupted provision
  of ecosystem services
• Quality of Life - the extent to which objective
  human needs are fulfilled in relation to
  perceptions of subjective well-being (Constanza
  et al)

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Traditional and Non-Traditional Security Types
Type Focus Concerns Threats/Vulnerabilities Responses
Traditional Security The State Sovereignty Territorial Integrity Challenges from other states and stateless actors Diplomatic intervention Economic crisis response Military intervention Humanitarian support
Environmental Security The Ecosystem Protection of Natural Infrastructure Resource scarcity/depletion Resource degradation pollution/waste Demographic changes Shocks natural, manmade Multi-national governance Conflict prevention Conflict resolution
Human Security The Individual Integrity of the Individual freedom from fear ------------------------ freedom from want Personal security violence, hazards Political security repressive state ------------------------------------------------ Economic security - poverty Food security famine, contamination Health security injury, disease Environmental security - scarcity, waste Community security cultural integrity Preventive diplomacy Disaster planning Humanitarian support Aid investment
Sustainable Security The Generational Quality of Life Global Sustainability Non-sustainable environmental, social, economic, and institutional systems Inequitable resource distributions Marginalization of the majority world Uncontrolled development/urbanization Non-adaptive and non-resilient systems Institution building Security sector reform Military professionalism Energy sector efficiencies Economic investment Focus on root causes
Sources Adapted from Liotta, 2005 Liotta and
Owen, 2006a UNDP, 1994 Khagram, et al., 2003
Abbott et al., 2006
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Quality of Life (from Constanza et al, 2007)
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UNDP Human Development Index
Human Development
Well-being, Welfare External World
Objective
Human basic needs
Quality of Life
Social Capital
Human Security
Human Capital
Built Capital
Subjective
Natural Capital
Ecosystem Services
Environmental Security
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II. Instruments and methods of environmental
policy

• 2.1 Stakeholder identification, motivation of
  stakeholder groups and their behavioral
  patterns/social practices
• 2.2 Backcasts and forecasts
• 2.3 Ecosystem services and their valuation
  vulnerability analysis and indices
• 2.4 Scenario development

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• Environmental Assessment (EA) EIA, SEA, SA
• Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) LCC
• Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
• Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA)
• UN system EM UNEP, UNDP, UN HABITAT, Regional
  Commissions UNECE MEAs

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• Assessment methods used in EA
• aggregation,
• checklists,
• cost-benefit analysis,
• Delphi surveys,
• geographic information systems,
• life cycle assessment,
• matrices,
• multi-criteria analysis,
• overlapping maps,
• scenario development.

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• Environmental assessment (EA)
• Environmental impact assessment (EIA)
• Strategic environmental assessment (SEA)
• Sustainability appraisal (SA)

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EA tools

• MCDA (AHP, ANP, MACBETH)
• Cost-benefit analysis (CBA)
• Contingent valuation (CV)
• Hedonic Pricing (HP)
• Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats
  (SWOT)
• GIS

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Focus Consequences of Ecosystem Change for
Human Well-being
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Ecosystem and infrastructure services consumption
trends (major consumption)
Service to human welfare Rural areas developed countries Urban areas developing countries Urban areas developed countries
Clean air to breath E E E
Comfortable climate conditions E E E
Water level in water bodies (for shipping, amenity, biota) E E E I
Groundwater level E E I E I
Water quality to use as amenity and recreation E E E
Drinking water provision I I I
Soil formation E I E I
Waste decomposition E E I I
Biological populations control E E I I
Habitat E E I I
Food I I I
Raw materials E I I
Recreation and outdoor activities E E I E I
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III. Environmental policy for sectors, specific
problems and issues

• 3.1 Biodiversity conservation (including physical
  planning for biodiversity conservation and
  development of sustainable livelihoods?)
• 3.2 Water resources (e.g. including international
  water bodies)
• 3.3 Circulation of chemicals
• 3.4 Radiation pollution/safety
• 3.5 Coastal zones/marine environments
• 3.6 Air pollution
• 3.7 Local communities (e.g. adaptation to global
  change)
• 3.8 Indigenous people
• 3.9 Biosafety (e.g. alien species, GMOs etc)
• 3.10 Cultural heritage

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Unprecedented change Ecosystems

• 5-10 of the area of five biomes was converted
  between 1950 and 1990
• More than two thirds of the area of two biomes
  and more than half of the area of four others had
  been converted by 1990

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POPs problem

• High resolution GC-MS for dioxin analysis

• GC-MS for PAH analysis

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Potentially dangerous substances

• CH2CH-CH2-S-CH2-CHCH2

• Cl2CH-S-S-CHCl2

Cyclic, alicyclic and chlorinated polysulfides.
20 previously unknown potentially dangerous S
and Cl-containing substances were identificated
in sediment samples, collected from the Eastern
part of the Finnish Gulf. Screening is
continuing.
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HAB and PPCP problem

• Cyanobacterial blossom

• Cyanobacterial metabolites

• Neurotoxines (anatoxin a)
• Hepatotoxines (microcystines)
• odorants (geosmine, MIB etc.)

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A vertical groove for installing a water barrier
at the entrances to underground stations in
Tokyo, Japan (left) and a flood barrier in
Venice, Italy (right) Source Nikolai Bobylev
Climate change and extreme weather events
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The Netherlands combating floods using
retention areas (after Ron Cörvers (Open
University of the Netherlands / Maastricht
University ICIS) presentation, 2008)

• 1993 1995 extremely high waters in river delta
  (flow rate gt12,000
• m3/s at Lobith on the Rhine)

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More infrastructure or more ecosystems? (after
Ron Cörvers (Open University of the Netherlands /
Maastricht University ICIS) presentation, 2008)

• Current
• situation
• Traditional
• solution
• New
• approach

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Thank you for your attention!