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Powertrains of the FutureDr. Jean Botti

• Business Line Executive -- Powertrain
  Executive Director -- Fuel Cells

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Advantages of SOFC APU

• Fuel Gasoline, Diesel, CH4, or H2
• Syngas H2 CO (poisons PEM, but not SOFC)
• Oxidant
• Startup O2 (from Air) Exothermic or CPOx
  reforming
• Warmed up H2O CO2 Endothermic or Steam
  reforming
• (driven by SOFC stack waste heat)

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SOFC Reformer Products
High-Grade Heat for Reforming, Engine and Cabin
Heating
Electrical Power for Propulsion and
Accessories
H2-Rich, High-LHV Syngas for Emissions Reduction
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Economical Fuel Economy Solutions
Initial APU to Power Accessories
Total fuel to electric efficiency
100 35 - 50 (SOFC APU) 35 - 50
Cf 10-17 today
Future Propulsion Emissions Reduction
Functions - combined cycle - hybrid electric -
electric vehicle
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SOFC Added to Various Hybrids Electric
Propulsion

• Benefit of SOFC in system

Fuel Cell APU 5-20 kW
Battery Buffer
Engine 50 kW
Motors
Example Parallel Hybrid with SOFC reduces the
energy capacity of the battery

• Types of Hybrids
• Soft/Mild Parallel (stop/start, launch assist,
  regeneration)
• Full Series/Parallel (Parallel some electric
  only modes)
• Electric Propulsion
• Full Series (all propulsion is electric)
• Range extender EV (battery EV with on-board
  generator)

By increasing power, reducing packaging and
eliminating the battery, SOFC adds the most near
term value for electric propulsion.
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SOFC Hybrid Simulations
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EV Range Extender Modeling

• Modeling
• Normal utility range (except limited sustained
  high speed / grades)
• 10 kw APU
• Reasonable Lithium battery size (and cost)
• 100 kg battery is acceptable to drive test cycles
• Vehicle could follow drive cycle (including
  severe US06) but need incrementally higher power
  to have equivalent performance
• Results
• 11 X fuel economy improvement vs. PNGV goal of 3
  X
• Practical in cold climates (9500 W of easy to
  recover by-product heat)
• Reduced packaging two seater could become four
  seater

1081
Metrics for range extenders vs. EV baseline
560
350
231
110
100
Stored Energy (battery fuel) (MJ)
Range (miles)
Weight (APU battery fuel) (kg)
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Summary

• The SOFC can significantly increase the range of
  an EV
• - cost effective
• - meet performance/comfort requirements
• - improve fuel economy
• - reduce emissions
• Not dependent upon creating an H2
  infrastructure
• An attractive alternative to the PEM FCV
• Provides an evolutionary path to the
  powertrains of the future