Lubrication and Bearings

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Lubrication and Bearings
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS
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What is Friction
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS

• Friction - resistance to movement between two
  objects
• The amount of friction depends on the following
  1. Material
• 2. Surface finish
• 3. Amount of pressure holding the two
  together 4. How fast they move

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What is Friction
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS

• friction generates heatRub your hands together
  they get hot
• dry friction - both parts clean and free of other
  materials
• wet friction - parts have another material placed
  between them such as oil

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What is a Bearing

• A Bearing is a device used to support and guide a
  rotating, Oscillating, or sliding shaft or wheel.
• A bearing is designed to
• 1. Reduce friction
• 2. Support a load
• 3. Guide moving parts

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Bearing construction
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS

• friction - sliding friction - two smooth surfaces
  sliding against each other
• half speed bearing - turbos
• anti friction - rolling friction - uses balls or
  rollers or small needles between the moving parts

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Bearing construction
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS
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Bearing construction
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS

• Ball bearing

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Bearing construction
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS

• Roller Bearing

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Bearing construction
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS

• Tapered Roller Bearing

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Bearing construction
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS

• Types of Roller Bearings

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Bearing construction
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS

• needle

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Bearing construction
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS

• Thrust Needle Ball

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Bearing Load

• If the wrong type of bearing is used it may not
  be able to carry the load that is applied to it.
  The load is dependent on both weight and
  direction.
• There are Three types of loads.

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Bearing Load (Radial)

• The load is at right angles to the shaft.

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Bearing Load (Thrust)

• The load is Parallel to the shaft

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Bearing Load (Angular)

• The load is a combination of Radial and Thrust.

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Bearing Failure

• Premature bearing failures are caused by
• 1. Fatigue (overloaded, under lubed)
• 2. Poor lubrication (wrong type, under lubed)
• 3. Contamination (dirt and water)
• 4. Installation with the wrong tool
  (there is a correct tool for every job)

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Full- Floating
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Insert Bearings

• removable bearing split in two pieces for easy
  installation and removal

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Insert Bearings

• steel back with soft lining, coating can be of
  babbitt, copper-lead-tin or aluminum coating
• locating tabs help keeps insert bearing from
  turning

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Insert Bearings

• crush height the .001 to .002 protruding above
  rod cap and rod that when bolted together forms
  the tight fit that prevents the bearing from
  turning.

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Insert Bearings

• An undersize bearing is used on a crankshaft that
  has been machined to a smaller size.

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BEARING PERFORMANCE

• load strength- must withstand pounding from
  compression and firing stroke
• anti scuffing - if oil pressure is lost lining
  must be soft enough to prevent crankshaft journal
  from being scratched or scuffed

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BEARING PERFORMANCE

• corrosion - must resist corrosion from vapors and
  acids in crankcase
• conformation - must conform to shape of
  crankshaft journal

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BEARING PERFORMANCE

• embedability - must allow small particles to
  embed itself into bearing material so journal
  won't be scratched
• temperature - must work equally well both hot
  and cold must transfer heat well
• oil hole or groove for lubrication

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BEARINGS

• rod bearings, bearings in the connecting rod
• main bearings, bearings that go where the main
  bearing cap hold the crankshaft in place.

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THRUST BEARINGS

• thrust bearing, has sides on to help prevent end
  play of crankshaft, sometimes use a separate
  piece for the side.

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THRUST BEARINGS
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4 Jobs of Oil
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS

• Cleans - Cools - Seals -Lubricates -

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Bearing Clearance
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS

• Oil is pumped to the bearing and separates the
  parts. It allows the parts to turn without
  touching each other. When parts touch they will
  be destroyed.
• bearing clearance average about .002

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Bearing Clearance
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How to lubricate a engine
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS

• engines lubricated three ways for a 4-stroke
  engine
• Full pressure
• Splash
• Combination - splash and pressure- most common
  in automotive applications

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Full pressure
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS

• bearings are oiled by pumping oil to the
  bearings, sometimes the oil is dripped on or is
  squirted on to parts

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Splash
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS

• use of dippers on connecting rods to splash oil
  around (one cylinder engines) or dripping oil on
  the engine parts

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Combination
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS

• both systems used- splash and pressure -
• other methodstwo cycles mix gas and oilcould
  be premix or a oil injection system

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Oil galleries and lines
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS

• Oil gallery - oil supply line in engine
• oil is carried through the engine by these lines
• some rods are drilled full lengths some have
  squirt holes

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Oil filters
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS
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Oil filters
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS

• most common materialspaper and cotton waste
• canister - old style
• spin on

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Filtering Systems
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS

• two types of filtering systems
• full flow, all oil is filtered before going to
  bearings, filter has relief valve in case of
  plugged filter
• bypass filter, part of oil is being filter at all
  times but not before it is going to the bearings

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Oil pumps
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS

• gear, rotary, vane and plunger
• most common automotive engine
• gear and rotary

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Gear
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS

• two gears mesh together forcing oil out

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Rotary
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS

• inner rotor and outer rotor 4 points fit inside 5
  points

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Vane
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS

• used as pump in some automatic transmissions(this
  one, a vane pump out of a air wrench)

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Plunger
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS

• used a lot in one cylinder engines

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Pick up tube and screen
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS
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Pressure Relief Valve
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS

• when oil pump develops too much pressure the
  Pressure Relief valve will open and allows to
  return to sump by changing spring tension
  pressure can be raised or lowered

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Oil sludge
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS

• Black thick Goomixture of water oil dirt usually
  formed in engines never reaching operating
  temperature - thermostat taken out or to many
  short tripsformation of a white sludge - caused
  by, cold weather, short trips, too much water

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Varnish or lacquer
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS

• usually known as engine varnish is formed from an
  engine running at hot temperature for extended
  periods - the heat causes the oil to break down
  and a varnish is created on valve covers and
  other parts to avoid varnish deposits use good
  clean oil and change regularly

Light brown coating is Varnish
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Additives in oil
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS

• detergent - prevent sludge and varnish deposits
• foam inhibitors - prevent oil from
  foamingoxidation inhibitors - prevent oil
  oxidation at high speed

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Additives in oil
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS

• corrosion rust inhibitors - helps prevent these
• anti wear additives - coat metal surfaces with a
  strong slippery film moly graphite

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crankcase ventilation
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS

• draft tube
• positive crankcase ventilation

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open - draft tube
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS

• Older engines use a draft tube to vent the
  crankcase. It is just a vent with a filter in
  it. Uses a Breather cap to allow air in.

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PCV - positive crankcase
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS

• open - breather cap
• closedgoes from air cleaner to valve cover

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wet and dry sump systems
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS
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windage tray
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS

• Bolt to bottom of engine prevent oil from foaming
  due to crankshaft rotation.

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Oil viscosity
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS

• thickness or fluidity of the oil, oil's ability
  to resist flow
• classified as a number such as 10,20,30,40
• multi grade or multi viscosity 5w-30, 10w-30

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service ratingsgo through handout
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS

• Go to this web site and read the classifications
• http//www.lubrizol.com/ReadyReference/6-OilClasse
  s/Sclass.htm

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how often should oil be changed,filter?
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS

• 1,000 - 7,500 average
• About every 3,000 - 4,000 miles recommended
• depends on length of operation, temperature of
  air and car. Condition of all filters - air, oil
  gas -, PCV valve, driving conditions, paved
  roads, and dust or dirt in the air.

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what kind of oil should I buy ???
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS
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What kind of filter should I buy????
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS

• Some companies spent a lot of money on
  advertising and very little on filters, some just
  build good filters. You choose, cut some apart
  and look for yourself.

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The End
P H S A U T O M O T I V E S ALS
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