Milk replacers Committee meeting

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Aquatic animal feeds, challenges and
opportunities
OIE Global Conference on Aquatic Animal Health
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June 28th, 2011
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What is FEFAC?
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FEFAC Fish Feed CommitteeA short history

• Autumn 2002 European Commission Strategy for
  the sustainable development of European
  Aquaculture and European Parliament Public
  Hearing on Aquaculture in the EU
• Aquaculture attracting growing attention from
  public and regulators focusing on food safety and
  sustainability issues
• At the same time
• Aquaculture regulated by some 150 Community
  regulations ? coordinated framework and
  simplified regulation needed
• EU feed legislation based on land animals, not to
  specific needs and conditions of the aquafeed
  sector
• Therefore
• 2003 FEFAC set up dedicated Fish Feed Committee

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FEFAC Fish Feed Committee

• President Alberto Allodi, Italy
• Vice-president Karl Tore Mæland, Norway
• Task
• Identifying a common approach to address and
  solve sector problems related to EU feed
  legislation
• Strengthen relationship among stakeholders along
  the Aqua value chain
• Currently, around 20 members and fish feed
  experts from the EU countries as well as Norway
  attending (2-3 annual meetings)

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The challenge ahead

• Half of the people that ever lived on the planet
  are alive at this moment in time
• World population predicted to reach 9 billions by
  2050
• Demand for animal proteins is set to increase
  towards Western consumption levels (according to
  USDA figures this means 92 kg of meat, 7 kg of
  fish, 272 kg of dairy and 254 eggs a year)
• With our present technological abilities and
  taking such issues into account as biodiversity,
  sustainability and climate change, we would need
  four planets Earth to meet this demand!

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Food security in perspectivethe sustainability
issue

• Sustainable development is development that
  meets the needs of the present without
  compromising the ability of future generations to
  meet their own needs."

Definition of sustainability given in the Report
of the Brundtland Commission, Our Common
Future', published on behalf of the United
Nations by Oxford University Press, 1987.
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Aquafeeds challenges and opportunities

• Formulated feeds deliver high safety standards
  both for farmed fish and final consumer (One
  Health)
• There are challenges to be addressed, in order to
  secure adequate supply of sustainable formulated
  fish feeds which can support further growth of
  aquaculture

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Sustainable development the EATiP approach

• EATiP is an international non-profit association
  dedicated to DEVELOPING, SUPPORTING and PROMOTING
  aquaculture and, especially and specifically,
  technology and innovation in aquaculture in
  Europe so as to
• Establish a strong relationship between
  aquaculture and the consumer
• Assure a sustainable aquaculture industry
• Consolidate the role of aquaculture in society

http//www.eatip.eu/
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Sustainable development EATiP goals on
fish feeds

• Base formulation of Future Fish Feeds on solid
  knowledge of fish nutritional requirements, and
  expand the number of well characterized and
  sustainable raw materials which can be used
• Advanced novel feed technologies to produce cost
  effective feed with improved quality
• Understand and minimize negative effects of
  alternative diets on fish health and welfare
• Adapt and utilize advanced methods to understand
  and model nutritional responses
• Resolve strategic research problems in fish
  nutrition

http//www.eatip.eu/
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Sustainable development solid knowledge
of fish nutritional requirements
Amino acid Requirement ( protein) Requirement ( protein)
Gilthead seabream European seabass
Arg lt2.6 4.1
His ? ?
Ile ? ?
Leu ? ?
Lys 5.0 4.8
MetCys 4.0 4.4
Phe ? ?
Thr ? 2.6
Trp 0.6 0.5
Val ? ?
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Sustainable development expand the number
of available raw materials

• Reduction fisheries have not increased over the
  last 20 years
• An increased share of fish meal / oil is
  allocated to aquaculture
• Aquaculture is using more than 50 of fish meal
  and 90 of fish oil in the world.
• ? New growth has to be based on fishmeal / oil
  replacement!

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Sustainable development expand the
number of available raw materials

• Potential new raw material sources

• Plant protein concentrates
• LABPs and PAPs
• GM derived-plant proteins
• Algae

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Plant protein concentrates
Sustainable development expand the
number of available raw materials

• Soy, rape, .
• The drive for plant oils (bio-diesel and human
  food), creates huge quantities of cheap plant
  protein that can be upgraded
• Bio-energy development leads to increased
  production of wheat- and corn- gluten (being
  starch used for bio-ethanol production)
• Plant protein concentrates have shown to be good
  FM replacers, but the issue is the balance
  between price competitiveness and availability

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Sustainable development expand the
number of available raw materials
LABPs and PAPs the EU example

• LABPs ? limited possibilities for use in aqua
  feeds
• Non-ruminant blood products
• Collagen proteins (fats)
• Hydrolysed feather meal
• Market acceptance still a challenge
• PAPs potential availability estimated at 1.3-1.5
  millions t/year in EU ? now wasted or
  underutilized!
• Good nutritional value for farmed fish and no
  food safety or fish health issues
• Regulation under revision

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Genetically modified plant raw materials
Sustainable development expand the
number of available raw materials

• 2nd and 3rd generation GM plants on their way
  into the market
• Protein- and amino acid-enriched
• ?3 fatty acid composition
• Reduced amount of anti nutritional factors
• Consumer resistance and political obstruction
  mainly in Europe

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Algae
Sustainable development expand the
number of available raw materials

• The actual source of DHA in the marine food web
• Sustainable
• Traceable
• Contaminants-free
• Consistent product quality
• Predictable pricing

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Aquaculture as Net Fish Protein Producer

• Aquaculture not only consumes fish it also
  produces fish
• We should use less fish protein in the feed than
  fish protein produced through aquaculture!

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How far are we?
Kg salmon protein produced versus fish protein
used in feed
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GM plants/algae the way to fill the EPA-DHA gap?
Requirements for EPA DHA (adapted from Sadasivam Kaushik, INRA) Requirements for EPA DHA (adapted from Sadasivam Kaushik, INRA) Requirements for EPA DHA (adapted from Sadasivam Kaushik, INRA)
per individual 500 mg/day
World population of 6 billions World population of 6 billions World population of 6 billions 3 000 t /day
Annual Need Annual Need Annual Need 1 095 000 t/year
Availability Availability
Global fisheries Global fisheries 100 000 000 t/year
Edible, 50 Edible, 50 50 000 000 t/year
Fat content, 5 Fat content, 5 2 500 000 t/year
EPADHA, 15 EPADHA, 15 375 000 t/year
Deficit Deficit gt 700 000 t/year
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Sustainable development where is the
priority?

• A balance must be found between different
  indicators of environmental performance!

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Sustainable development effect of
alternative diets on fish health and welfare
From Montero et al., 2003
From Montero et al., 2003

• Health and welfare assessment always included in
  experimental protocols for FM/FO replacement
  trials
• An example replacing fish oil with a proper and
  balanced blend of vegetable oils has very minor
  effects on the immune response and does not
  affect survival in sea bream

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Sustainable development strategic issues
in fish nutrition

• Specific nutrients may positively impact fish
  health
• An example MOS supplementation increases gut
  microvilli density and length in gilthead
  seabream (Dimitroglou et al., 2010)

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Sustainable development Legislative
constraints to be addressed Additives for farmed
fish the EU example

• Essential for Food safety quality, Fish health
  welfare and the environment.
• Registration of fish feed additives is too much a
  burden
• Problem is urgent in case of emerging species
• Currently no innovations for fish feed additives
• Competitive issue (e.g. phytase astaxanthin
  allowed in most 3rd countries).

• Examples
• Phytase only allowed in salmonid feeds, no other
  species
• Enzymes more than 100 approved for animal feed
  only one (phytase) for fish feed (salmonids)
• Histidine more than 5 years to register (only
  salmon)
• Astaxanthin only allowed in salmonid grower
  diets

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Sustainable development Legislative
constraints to be addressed Undesirable
substances the EU example

• Revision of Directive 2002/32/EC on undesirable
  substances has progressively adapted max. limits
  for key contaminants in the aquafeed chain
• FEFAC members have implemented the European guide
  for compound feed and pre-mixture manufacturers
  assessed by DGSANCO (EFMC) to apply HACCP-based
  Risk assessment for feed production
• FEFACs fishfeed committee has set up a
  dedicated Task Force on Contaminants to provide
  an interface with EFSA and the EU Standing
  Committee of the food chain
• FEFAC conducted a 1st EU workshop on contaminants
  in Aquaculture in February 2006

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Sustainable development Legislative
constraints to be addressed Undesirable
substances the EU example

• BUT since Maximum limits traditionally have been
  based on feed for land animals, further
  adjustments are needed to reflect conditions in
  aquaculture (e.g).
• Max. limit on endosulfane for fishfeed should be
  aligned on the base of new aquaculture specific
  risk assessment studies
• Accumulation of limits for so many substances (39
  max. limits) will make sourcing of raw materials
  extremely complex and challenging
• EU legislation on undesirable substances adds
  app. 8 extra-cost to EU producers who are not on
  a level playing field with 3rd country
  competitors not facing the same constraints

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The importance of international standards

• International standards (OIE, Codex) play a major
  role in ensuring feed safety
• FEFAC developed its own Code of Good
  Manufacturing Practices

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Aquatic animal feeds,challenges and opportunities

• Sustainable aquaculture needs sustainable feed
  supply
• Innovative formulations, based on new research
  findings and alternative raw materials allow fish
  farmers to become net fish protein producers,
  without compromising fish health and welfare
• Safe, healthy and sustainable seafood from
  aquaculture will contribute to feeding a growing
  world population!

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Thank you for your attention