The Early United States

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The Early United States

• Unit 3

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SSUSH 6 The student will analyze the nature of
territorial and population growth and the impact
of this growth in the early decades of the new
nation.

• Explain the Northwest Ordinances importance in
  the westward migration of Americans, and on
  slavery, public education, and the addition of
  new states.
• Describe Jeffersons diplomacy in obtaining the
  Louisiana Purchase from France and the
  territorys exploration by Lewis and Clark.

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SSUSH 6 The student will analyze the nature of
territorial and population growth and the impact
of this growth in the early decades of the new
nation.

• Explain the major reasons for the war of 1812 and
  the wars significance on the development of a
  national identity.
• Describe the construction of the Erie Canal, the
  rise of New York City, and the development of the
  nations infrastructure.
• Describe the reasons for and importance of the
  Monroe Doctrine.

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The Northwest Ordinance

• After the French and Indian War, Britain took
  possession of the Northwest Territory (area north
  of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi
• Following the American revolution, the
  Continental Congress passed the Northwest
  Ordinance in 1787.
• It divided the area into smaller territories and
  provided guidelines for new states

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The Northwest Ordinance

• The law resulted in the formation of five states
  Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin.
• The Ordinance made slavery illegal in the new
  territories (unless settlers already had slaves)
• Many free blacks moved north of the Ohio River
  but were meet with discrimination

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Northwest Ordinance

• When a territory reached 60,000 people, it could
  apply for statehood.
• East coast states had to relinquish their claim
  to this territory.
• Although not enforce, Indians were not to be
  removed from their lands American troops
  defeated them later to allow more settlers.

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Expansion and Education

• Acquisition of the Northwest territory impacted
  education.
• Leaders wanted to make sure that the country
  maintained a sense of unity and national values
  (patriotism)
• They used public education as a tool to encourage
  these principles.
• Many new state constitutions required public
  education.

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Noah Webster

• Key leader in the educational movement.
• Compiled the first US dictionary that included
  words and spellings distinct to the US rather
  than British versions.
• Played a major role in forging a national
  language and helped to unify the educational
  standards of the day.

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The Louisiana Territory

• Thomas Jefferson wanted to secure the United
  States trading on the Mississippi River.
• He sent representatives to France to negotiate to
  purchase the city of New Orleans.
• Napoleon was not interested because he wanted to
  revive the French colonial empire.

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The Louisiana Territory

• Slaves in the French colony of Haiti revolted and
  the British resumed its war with France
  Napoleon needed cash.
• He offered to sell the entire Louisiana Region
  for 15 million dollars (3 cents per acre)
• Jefferson believed that the people should have
  access to land and the potential new resources
  he accepted the offer.

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The Louisiana Purchase 1803
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The Louisiana Purchase

• The largest land purchase, roughly doubling the
  size of the United States 828,000 square miles
• It marked a turning point for the new nation
  economically as it began to pursue prosperity
  within its own borders rather that from foreign
  trade.

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Lewis and Clark Expedition

• Even before the Louisiana Purchase was complete,
  Jefferson had appointed his personal secretary,
  Meriwether Lewis, to find a water route to the
  Pacific Ocean.
• Congress appropriated 2,500
• Lewis choose William Clark to help him lead the
  expedition.
• They left in May 1804 from St. Louis

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Lewis and Clark Expedition
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Lewis and Clark Expedition

• They reached the Pacific Northwest coast by
  November 1805.
• They returned to St. Louis in September of 1806
  with valuable information about the territory.
• This led to rapid migration to the Pacific
  Northwest along the Oregon Trial from Missouri.

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Lewis and Clark Expedition

• Lewis and Clark came to employ a French-speaking,
  part-Indian fur trapper named Toussaint
  Charbonneau, whose young Shoshone Indian wife,
  Sacagawea, (pronounced Sa-ka-ga-wea)

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National Identity
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The War of 1812

• U.S. settlers felt threatened by the British
  presence in Canada and the apparent alliance
  between them and the Indians.
• The British navys policy of impressing U.S.
  seaman (taking them captive and forcing them to
  serve on British ships)
• The United States declared war of Great Britain
  in June of 1812.

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War of 1812

• American hoped to gain territory in Canada and in
  Spanish Florida (GB ally)
• British attacked and burned Washington D.C.
• America recovered at the Battle of Fort McHenry
  (near Baltimore)
• Frances Scott Key wrote the Star Spangled Banner
  while being held captive by the British.

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Treaty of Ghent

• Restored original borders
• Returned relationship to the status quo ante
  bellum.
• Signed December 24, 1814

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Battle of New Orleans

• took place on January 8, 1815, and was the final
  major battle of the War of 1812.
• American forces under General Andrew Jackson
  defeated an invading British army intent on
  seizing New Orleans and America's western lands.
• The Treaty of Ghent had been signed on December
  24, 1814, but news of the peace would not reach
  New Orleans until February.

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War of 1812

• War was a draw nobody won or lost
• It showed that the United States could defend
  itself and assert its interests in North American
  against a foreign power.
• Due to it opposition to the war, the Federalist
  party lost its credibility and faded from
  importance in national politics.

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A National Identity

• The War of 1812 helped to produce a stronger
  sense of national identity among U.S. citizens.
• People felt a great deal of pride in standing up
  to the British, again!
• American trade declined during the war, but
  manufacturing and agriculture improved and grew
  prosperous.

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A National Identity

• Northern manufacturers sold more products to
  other regions of the country.
• Southern plantation economy exploded as the
  nations only supplier of cotton.
• By the time the war ended, U.S. citizens had a
  new sense of national pride and manufacturers and
  planters had established themselves as players in
  domestic and international trade.

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New York City

• New York City benefitted from the changes during
  the War of 1812
• By 1814, Textile mills were common in the city
  this helped to make NYC a key economic center of
  the country.
• New York Citys port made it a major center for
  shipping and trade, as well as, the arrival point
  for immigrants

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The Erie Canal

• New York also prospered from the completion of
  the Erie Canal in 1825
• The canal provided a new shipping route from Lake
  Erie to the Hudson River
• 363 miles long 40 feet wide 4 feet deep
• Began in 1817 completed in 1825
• Allowed people to travel cheaper
• Made NYC the dominant commercial center by
  expanding its markets.

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The Erie Canal
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Robert Fulton

• Developed the first successful commercial steam
  ship.
• Greatly increased the efficiency of travel one
  could now travel upstream

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The American System

• Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky proposed a plan to
  improve the nations economy and infrastructure.
• An infrastructure is what provides the framework
  and connections holding something together.
• This included things like roads, rail lines,
  canals, etc.

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Clays American System

• Called for protective tariffs (a tax on imports)
  to help U.S. manufacturers.
• Internal improvements such as canals and
  roadways funded by the tariff revenue
• A Second National Bank in order to make
  interstate commerce easier and stabilize the
  nations currency.
• Clay hoped that his plan would strengthen the US
  and unite the different regions of US

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Era of Good Feelings

• With the end of the War of 1812 and the demise of
  the Federalist party, the U.S. entered a period
  known as the Era of Good Feelings.
• This was a time of national pride and political
  unity.
• This was during the president of James Monroe

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Monroe Doctrine

• Issued in 1823
• The United States would not tolerate European
  intervention in the affairs of any independent
  nation in the Americas, nor were the American
  continents open to European colonization any
  longer.
• The United States would view any attempt to
  colonize as aggression