Phonics Overview

1
Phonics Overview

• Dr. Nancy Sue Laminack
• Literacy and Evangelism International

2
Reading Theory

• Phonics

• Whole Language

• Teaches how to pronounce words by using
  Individual components.
• For some learners the phonics approach works
  best.

• Relies on reading comprehension and context
• Relies on memorizing the sounds of words
• Works well for learners who learn patterns
  intuitively

3
Levels of Reading

• 1.Independent Level
• ( can read without help from teacher)
• 2. Instructional Level
• (can read with help from the teacher)
• 3. Frustration Level
• ( text is too difficult and reader can not get
  meaning from the text)

4
Literacy and Evangelism International

• Advocate a combination of both phonics
  instruction and whole language.
• Why? Each has its drawbacks when used
  exclusively.
• When combined The two theories complement each
  other
• Firm Foundation Phonics Based
• Language Experience Whole Language Based

5
Phonics Skills You Will Use

• Consonants
• Blends
• Diagraphs
• Trigraphs

• Vowels
• Long
• Short
• Schwa
• R-Controlled
• Dipthongs

6
Analytic Phonics

• Phonics rules teach how to pronounce English
  words.
• Learner must be taught meaning of words.
• Learner acquires meaning when given text suitable
  to his or her current understanding of
  pronunciation.

7
Systematic Phonics Rules

• Phonic Rule Example

• Exceptions to rule

• Words such as
• Maul
• Boil
• Steak
• Height
• SO REMEMBER THESE RULES ARE GENERALIZED
  BECAUSE ENGLISH IS BORROWED FROM MANY DIFFERENT
  LANGUAGES.

• Two vowels go together
• First one does the talking (it says its name)
• The second one does the walking (it is silent)
• Rain
• Seed
• boat

8
Phonics Rules

• Sometimes rules do not work
• Every syllable in every word must have a vowel
• /c/ followed by e, i, or y has the soft sound
  as if it is /s/ central, city and cyst
• /g/ followed by e, i, or y has the soft sound
  as if it is /j/ gem, gym, and gist
• A consonant digraph is two consonants joined
  together and form one sound
• ( ch, sh, th, ph, and wh)

9
Phonics Rulescont

• When syllable ends in a consonant and has one
  vowel, the vowel is short
• (fat, bed, fish, spot, and luck)
• When syllable ends in a silent /e/ that is a
  signal that the vowel in front of it is long.
• (make, gene, kite, rope, and use)
• When a syllable has 2 vowels together, the
  first vowel is usually long and the second is
  silent.
• (pain, eat, boat, rescue)

10
Phonics Rulescont

• Diphthongs do not follow this rule. The
  diphthongs are oi, oy, ou, ow, au, aw, oo, and
  many others. These vowels blend together to
  create a single new sound as in boy and out
• When a syllable ends in any vowel and is the only
  vowel, that vowel is usually long.
• ( me, I, he, my)
• When a vowel is followed by an /r/ that vowel is
  r-controlled
• ( ar, or,er,ir, and ur usually sound like er

11
Sight Words

• Words that do not follow the rules
• Words must be memorized
• Words are often called outlaw words or rule
  breakers
• Examples the, are, you, to, do, who, what, was,
  whom, again, against, says, said, been, of, from,
  son month, front, some love, other, money and
  among.

12
Vowel Sounds

• A sound made by the free movement of air through
  the mouth.
• The vowels are
• a, e, i, o, and u
• Each vowel has three sounds A long sound, a
  short sound and the schwa sound.
• The long sound is the same as its name.
• The schwa is the sound of a vowel in an
  unstressed syllable.(?)
• about, item, gallop, and circus

13
Vowel Sounds

• Long vowel sounds

• Short vowel sounds

• (a) as in ape, snail, ache, train
• (e) as in eat, needle, teach
• (i) as in eye, cry, tile, violin
• (o) as in oh, domino, pillow, boat, toe
• (u) as in you, salute, goose

• (a) as in at, apple, taxi, tackle
• (e) as in elm, egg, dentist, den
• (i) as in it, gift, hit, indian
• (o) as in hop, chop, pop, octopus
• (u) as in up, cut, subtract, umbrella

14
R-Controlled Vowels

• (ar) sound as in car, guitar, Arthur
• ( ar) sound as in care, bear, mare, scare,
  aquarium
• (ur) sound as in fur, burn, turnip
• (ir) sound as in bird
• (or) sound as in for, manor, observatory,
  author, orchard, fork
• (er) sound as in her, butter, cutter, and
  mother
• Same Sound

15
Vowel Soundscont

• Y

• W

• may substitute for a vowel
• May be the only vowel in a word or syllable
• Such as in
• (gym, why, my, try, baby)

• May substitute for a vowel
• It will always follow
• A (as in paw)
• E (as in new)
• O (as in grow)

16
Consonants

• Speech Sounds (phonemes)
• Made by partially or completely blocking the
  vocal air stream
• Letters (graphemes) that represent such sounds.
• Most consonants have one sound

• Some Consonants Have Multiple Sounds
• C2
• 1.can make the hard sound /k/as in cat,
  coat, cut, music
• 2. the /s/ soft sound as in
• city, cent, cycle
• G2
• 1. can make the hard /g/ sound as in
• get, gate, got, gun
• 2. and the soft /j/ sound as in
• gem, gentle, giraffe

17
Consonants With Multiple Soundscont.

• S2
• 1.can make the /s/ sound as in sit
• 2.and the /z/ sound as in has
• X3
• can make the sound of
• 1. /ks/ as in box
• 2./gs/ as in exact
• 3. /z/ as in xylophone, xerox

18
Constonants With Multiple Sounds cont

• Q 2
• Kw queen
• K critique
• q is always followed by a u and another vowel
• Y3
• As in baby
• As in my
• As in Yellow

19
List of Consonant Sounds

• b as in bat
• Hard c as in cat
• Soft c as in city
• d as in dog
• f as in fat
• Hard g as in goat
• Soft g as in gem
• h as in hat
• j as in jam

• k as in kite
• l as in lap
• m as in mad
• n as in nap
• p as in park
• q as in queen
• r as in race
• s as in sit
• s as in has

20
List of Consonants Soundscont.

• t as in tap
• v as in van
• w as in wet (can also act as a vowel)
• x as in box exact and xylophone
• y as in yet (can also act as a vowel)
• z as in zip

21
Two or More Letters Appear Together and You Hear
Each Sound The Sounds Blend

• Consonant Blends

22

L Blends

• Hear Both Sounds

• bl as in blend
• cl as in class
• fl as in flake
• gl as in glory
• pl as in play
• sl as in sloppy

23
Consonant Blend Sounds cont.

• r blends

• s blends

• br as in brown
• cr as in crash
• dr as in drive
• fr as in freedom
• gr as in green
• pr as in pray

• sl as in slogan
• sm as in smart
• sn as in snail
• sp as in special
• st as in stop

24
Three-Letter Consonant Blends

• shr as in shroud
• spl as in splash
• spr as in spring
• squ as in squid
• str as in strap
• thr as in throw

25
A phoneme represented by two letters

• Digraphs

• One sound Two letters

• ch as in church
• ck as in chick
• ff as in cliff
• gh as in ghost
• gn as in gnarled
• kn as in knife
• ll as in wall
• ng as in fang
• nk as in sink

• ph as in phone
• qu as in quick
• sh as in shark
• ss as in floss
• th as in bath
• th as in this
• wh as in which
• wr as in write
• zz as in fuzz

26
A Phoneme Represented By Three Letters

• Trigraphs One Sound Three Letters
• chr as in chrome
• dge ad in partridge
• tch as in catch

27
Common Silent Letters

• K before n as in know
• G before n as in gnat
• P before n as in pneumonia
• P before s as in psychology
• W before r as in write
• T before ch as in catch
• D before ge as in hedge
• T between sl as in whistle
• H after k as in khaki
• H after r as in rhyme
• N after m as in column
• Y following a as in may, bay, lay, day,
  gay, hay,jay,pay

28
All You Ever Wanted To Know About English
Phonics/ Sounds
Vowels
Consonants
Schwa Vowels
Consonants Blends
Long Vowels
Consonants Digraphs
Diphthongs Vowels
Short Vowels
Consonants Trigraphs
R-controlled vowels