Teaching /Learning / ICT

1
Teaching /Learning / ICT

• In teaching, what are the assumptions made about
  different forms of learning?
• Teacher, implicitly has a model of learning.
• Educational software, being a resource, designed
  to support teaching and learning, will
  incorporate such models.
• What kind of learning have designers of software
  got in mind?

2
Learning Theories
Skinner Behaviourist
Gagne Conditions of Learning
Ausubel Subsumption Theory
Some Examples
Miller Information Processing
Piaget Genetic Epistemology
Vygotsky Social Development
Lave Situated Learning
Gardner Multiple Intelligences
Bruner, Dewey Constructivist
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Skinners law of operant conditioning

• No account of mental processes.
• Correct or desired behaviour is reinforced.
• No action is taken after incorrect or undesired
  behaviour - the behaviour will gradually
  disappear.
• http//www.gwu.edu/tip/skinner.html

4
Gagne - Conditions of Learning

• Types of learning verbal, intellectual skills,
  cognitive strategies, motor skills and attitudes.
• Each different type requires different types of
  instruction.
• Different internal and external conditions
  needed for each type of learning.
• http//www.gwu.edu/tip/gagne.html

5
Ausubel and Subsumption Theory

• Concerned with reception learning in school
  settings.
• Subsumption involves reorganisation of existing
  cognitive structures not development of new
  structures.
• Use of Advance Organisers.
• http//www.gwu.edu/tip/ausubel.html

6
Information Processing Theory and Miller

• Chunking and short term memory.
• TOTE (Test-Operate-Test-Exit)to replace
  stimulus-response as basic unit of behaviour.
• http//www.gwu.edu/tip/miller.html

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Piaget and Genetic Epistemology

• Interested in how knowledge developed in human
  organisms.
• Cognitive process change due to assimilation and
  accommodation.
• Four primary cognitive structures.
• http//www.gwu.edu/tip/piaget.html

8
Vygotsky and Social Development theory

• He developed the Zone of Proximal Development.
• The role of language in cognitive development,
  problem solving and learning.
• Adult guidance or peer collaboration exceeds
  what can be attained alone.
• Teacher is someone who is active, communicative
  participant in learning.
• http//www.gwu.edu/tip/vygotsky.html

9
Social Learning Theory and Bandura

• Most human behaviour is learned observationally
  through modelling.
• Four parts to observational learning
• Attention, Retention, Motor Reproduction and
  Motivation.
• http//www.gwu.edu/tip/bandura.html

10
Lave and Situated Learning

• Knowledge is contextually situated and is
  influenced by the activity, context, and culture
  in which it is used
• Learners become involved in a community of
  practice which embodies certain beliefs and
  behaviours to be acquired.
• http//www.gwu.edu/tip/lave.html

11
Gardner and Multiple Intelligences

• Different forms of intelligences linguistic,
  musical, logical-mathematical, spatial,
  body-kinesthetic, intrapersonal (insight) and
  interpersonal (social skills).
• Learning and teaching should focus on particular
  intelligences of each person.
• http//www.gwu.edu/tip/gardner.html

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Constructivism (Bruner, Dewey)

• Learning is an active process. Teacher and
  student are engaged in an active dialogue.
• Learners construct new ideas/concepts based upon
  current and past knowledge.
• Spiral learning - students build on what they
  have learned.
• http//www.gwu.edu/tip/bruner.html

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Reflections

• What type of educational software would support
  each theory?